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3/4 Revolutions > Russia AOS2 Perspectives > Flashcards

Russia AOS2 Perspectives Flashcards

1
Q

Trotsky

Belief that a new society would be easy to create

A

‘What sort of diplomatic work will we be doing anyway? I shall order a few revolutionary decrees to the people, then shut up shop’.

He lacks a plan and mistakenly believes that it’ll be easy to rule Russia
the new regime had inexperienced leaders

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2
Q

Antonov-Ovseenko (a commision for military affairs)

Madness following initial fall of the Provisional government

A

‘The whole city was infested by the drinking madness’

Wine riots or ‘drink pogroms’ broke out across Petrograd following the ransacking of the wine cellars of the Winter Palace -> fighting on the streets, targeting of the wealthy + looting.

Bolsheviks hadn’t stopped intitial madness

Eventially Officials confiscated alcohol and poured it into the gutter and yet crowds gathered in the streets to drink the alcohol off the floor.

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3
Q

Trotsky

Approval to attacks on symbols and people of Wealth and privlege

A

There is nothing immoral in the proletariat finishing off a class that is collapsing – that is its right’.

Bolshevik view = popular violence had a purpose in terrorising + removing class enemies (bourgeoise) -> Bolsheviks gave explicit approval to attacks on symbols and people of wealth and privilege.
(lass warfare)

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4
Q

Lenin (to a group of workers)

Only wanting a destruction of property that could support the revolution

A

‘You are the power: do all you want to do, take all you want. We shall support you, but take care of production, see that production is useful’.

he wanted them to take out the class enemies but needed production to continue
the Bols didn’t call for complete law and order and were happy to see the old system crumble just not the things they needed

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5
Q

Lenin

Purpose of the new decrees

A

Lenin: ‘The purpose of a decree is to teach practical steps to the hundreds, thousands, and millions of people who heed the voice of the Soviet government. This is a trial in practical action’.

116 new decrees were introduced which was excitiing for people because it was tearing up the past
this included the land, press and workers controll decree

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6
Q

Lenin

On building a new world

A

‘Yes, we shall destroy everything and on the ruins we shall build our temple!’

116 reforms introduced
reforms that moved them towards the prolateriat dictatorship

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7
Q

Lenin’s declaration to the assembly after results of the C.A. election

A

‘The toiling masses have become convinced by their experience that bourgeoisie parliamentarianism is outdated; that it is completely incompatible with the construction of Socialism’

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8
Q

Trotsky on use of force to end C.A.

A

‘Lenin’s theoretical considerations went hand in hand with sharpshooters’

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9
Q

Lenin on use of force to end C.A.

A

‘Trust in the mood, but don’t forget your rifles.’

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10
Q

Lenin on successful seizure of power after C.A.

A

‘We will not exchange our rifles for a ballot.’

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11
Q

Victor Serge on public response to end of C.A.

A

‘The dissolution of the CA made a great sensation abroad. In Russia, it passed almost unnoticed.’

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12
Q

Lenin

Biggest threat to the Bols

A

Lenin remarked that peasant insurgents were ‘far more dangerous than all the Denikins, Yundeniches and Kolchaks put together’.

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13
Q

Lenin

Significance of the Soviet-Polish war

A

‘I thought it was wiser to come to terms with the enemy… the temporary sacrifice of a hard peace appeared to me preferable to a continuation of the war... We had to make peace.’

Breathing space for Bols.
Focus on Civil War / domestic issues rather than international affairs

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14
Q

Latsis (Cheka Deputy)

Regarding interrogations

A

‘First you must ask him to what class he belongs…determine the fate of the accused. That is the meaning of the Red Terror.’

Purpose of Red Terror is an excuse to eliminate class enermy and engage in class war with bourgeoise and privilleged.

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15
Q

Dzerzhinsky (Iron Felix, Leader of Cheka)

Organising Red Terror

A

‘We stand for organised terror… The Cheka is obliged to defend the revolution and conquer the enemy even if its sword does by chance sometimes fall on the heads of the innocent.’

Purpose of the Red Terror is to exterminate enemies and consolidate power through fear and terrifying the masses through the slaughter of innocents will discourage any opposition while delivering on promises of class war.

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16
Q

Latsis

Origins of the Red Terror

A

‘We are not waging war against individual persons. We are exterminating the bourgeoise as a class.’

Decree on Red Terror targets bourgeois
Zinoviev ordered execution of bourgeois hostages
Red Gazette promises blood of bourgeois in retalliation to assassination attempts despite SR involvement
Class enemy propoganda and delivery of promises

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17
Q

Chamberlain

Dzerzhinsky

A

‘an old revolutionary of the most impeachable idealism.’

Iron Felix believed whole-heartedly in defending the revolution and in exterminating enemies of the workers = bourgeois -> genuine belief

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18
Q

Harding

Dzerzhinsky

A

‘There was about him no hint of personal corruption or self-interested abuse of his powers’

Iron Felix was righteous in his beliefs and virtuous in his mind, believing he was defending the revolution to the best of his ability

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19
Q

When Trotsky asked who ordered the execution of the Tsars family how did Sverdlov reply?

A

Sverdlov replied, ‘We decided it here. Ilyich (Lenin) believed that we should not leave the Whites a live banner to rally around.’

they wanted to remove any possible opposition

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20
Q

What did trotsky say regarding needing to kill the Tsars family?

A

‘The execution of the Tsar and his family was needed not only to frighten, horrify and instil a sense of hopelessness in the enemy, but also to shake up our own ranks, to show that there was no retreating, that ahead lay total victory or total doom.’

21
Q

What were Lenins instructions for what the fate of desserters should be?

A

Lenin’s instructions: “After the expiration of the seven-day deadline for deserters to turn themselves in, **punishment must be increased for these incorrigible traitors **to the cause of the people. Families and anyone found assisting them in any way whatsoever are to be considered as hostages and treated accordingly.”

22
Q

Lenin

Issues of Russian Economy

A

‘To get bread - that is the basis of socialism today.’

Food is the only way to secure support

23
Q

Trotsky

Militarised workplaces

A

‘A** deserter from labour is as contemptible and despicable** as a deserter from the battlefield.’

Workers pressured and strongly encouraged to keep working despite bad pay/rations
Punishment for strikers & loss of rations

24
Q

Lenin

Abolition of money

A

‘The Communist Party will strike as speedily as possible to introduce the most radical measures to pace the way for the abolition of money.’

Purposeful hyperinflation by printing to make money worthless and have state reliant producers & distributers

25
Q

Lenin

Mistreatment of Bourgeois

A

‘He who does not work, neither shall he eat.’

Class warefare revenge by denying bourgeois rations
Forced labour camps for bougeois = class conflict

26
Q

Sverdlov

Crusade for bread

A

‘Only if we are able to split the village into two camps, to arouse there the same class war as in the cities, only then can we achieve in the villages what we have achieved in the cities.’

Encouraging the peasants to turn against the kulaks by confiscating their grain to feed the cities

27
Q

Lenin

Requisitioning Squads

A

‘For God’s sale, use the most energetic and revolutionary measures to send grain, grain and grain!’

Desperation to get food into cities due to starvation
Failure of committees of the poor -> cheka agents & armed workers take grain by force

28
Q

Lenin

1921 Famine

A

‘Either the lice will defeat socialism or socialism will defeat the lice.’

29
Q

W.H. Chamberlin

Russia torn by social unrest and brink of economic ruin

A

‘The realm which the Bolsheviks had conquered bore strong resemblance to a desert.’

30
Q

Peasants

Peasant letters to govt. on Famine

A

‘We welcome Soviet power, but give us ploughs, harrows and machines and stop seizing our grain, milk, eggs, and meat’

‘The land belongs to us but the bread belongs to you; the water belongs to us, but the fish to you; the forests are ours but the timber is yours.’

31
Q

Sverdlov

Reorganisation of the party

A

party should take up ‘a significant part of the work which has up to now been performed by the soviets’

32
Q

Lenin

Reorganisation of the party

A

‘the Orgburu allocated forces, while the
Politburo decides policy’

Politburo = centralised key members who have authority to make decisions
Orgburo = delegated tasks to personnel based on decisions made in Politburo

33
Q

Lenin

March 1921 prior to Kronstadt revolt

A

‘We are barely holding on.’

Ongoing economic crisis
Peasants uprisings/rebellions
Urban unrest/migration
Starvation & disease in wake of famine -> humiliation at foreign aid

34
Q

Trotsky

Kronstadt Sailors

A

‘the pride and joy of the Revolution…the reddest of the red.’

Kronstadt sailers helped with: Kornilov Affair
Winter Palace
Intimidation at C.A.

35
Q

Kronstadt Sailer

Delegation into Petrograd

A

‘One might have thought that these were not factories but the forced labour prisons of tsarist times.’

Oppressive shutdowns on strikes
Cheka torture/gulags

36
Q

Kronstadt rebels

Following open resistance

A

‘…working class hoped to achieve its emancipation. But the result was even greater enslavement of the human personality…Communist usurpers…instilled in them [the people] the constant fear of falling into the torture chambers of the Cheka…-the sickle and the hammer - has in fact been replaced by the… bayonet and barred window…’

Consolidation of power = priority X ‘All Power to the Soviet’
X delivering on promises = compromised revolutionary ideals

37
Q

Trotsky

Regarding Kronstadt Revolt

A

‘Only those who surrender unconditionally may count on the mercy of the Soviet Republic.’

No negotiations or compromise = save face/image of strength

38
Q

Serge

Red victory on Kronstadt Sailers

A

‘the beginning of a ghastly fratricide… a senseless and criminal agony.’

Killing loyal ‘brothers’ of the revolution = turning against each other in an effort to preserve power

39
Q

lenin

NEP (how did he describe it)

A

Lenin: ‘What is needed now is an economic breathing spell’.

40
Q

lenin

the steps of the NEP

A

According to Lenin - ‘The national economy must be put back on its feet at all costs. The first thing to do is restore, consolidate, and improve peasant farming.’ + ‘We can’t go on like this any longer, comrades’.

In essence the NEP was a plan to:
Restart private trade
Relax centralised state control over the economy

41
Q

Zinoviev (campaigning on behalf of Lenin):

About the NEP

A

‘be clear that the New Economic Policy is only a temporary deviation, a tactical retreat, a clearing of the land for a new and decisive attack of labour against the front of international capitalism’.

42
Q

Kollantai

Workers’ Opposition in the Tenth Party Congress

A

‘We give no freedom to class activity, we are afraid of criticism, we have ceased to rely on the masses… bureaucracy is our enemy… the building of Communism can and must be the work of the toiling masses themselves. The building of Communism belongs to the workers.’

Party is driving action, not the proletariat
Bureaucracy = involvement of non-communists e.g. peasants & bourgeoisie
The party needs to involve the workers more = dictatorship of the proletariat

43
Q

Lenin

Re: On Party Unity

A

‘all members if the Russian Communist Party who are in the slightest degree suspicious or unreliable… should be got rid of.’

Anyone who doesn’t agree with Lenin will be expelled from the party
Attempt to achieve internal stability

44
Q

First Soviet Criminal Code

Defining political crimes

A

‘propoganda and agitation or participation in organisations that help (by means of propoganda and agitation) the international bourgeoisie.’

Purposefully vague to give the Bolsheviks maximum power in the law

45
Q

First Soviet Criminal Code

Criminal Code

A

‘The Crimincal Code of the Russian Socialist Federatuve Soviet Republic has as its object the legal protection of the Workers’ State from crimes and from socially dangerous elements, and achieves this object by applying punishments or other means of social protection against violators of the revolutionary system of law.’

Bolsheviks have the power to dictate the death penalty or forced labour to anyone who fits the criteria = intentionally vague

46
Q

Role of the teacher

Role of the teacher

A

‘an organiser, an assistant, an instructor and above all an older comrade; but not a superior officer.’

An equal relationship between teacher and student

47
Q

Approach to education

A

‘education had become a hotbed of anarchists.’

48
Q

Shistyer

Re: Women’s Rights

A

‘The Revolution gave me the right to feel equal to any man. It gave me the right to work, to study what i wanted to study.’

Successes of reform

49
Q

Lenin

Re: his successor

A

‘I propose to the comrades to find a way to remove Stalin from that position and appoint a man… more patient, more loyal, more polite and more attentative to comrades.’

3/4 Revolutions (13 decks)

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