China AOS1 Stats Flashcards
How much area does China cover?
9.2 million km2
What % do mountain ranges cover and how much viable farm land does this leave?
60% mountain range
15-20% farm land
What % of the population are Han and how many different languages are spoken?
90% Han
55 languages
What % of the population to peasants make up?
80%
Timeline of peasant population increase from 1700s to 1850s:
1700: 200 mill
1800: 300 mill
1850: 450 mill
How much land did peasants own?
17%
What % were the landlords and what % of land did they own in the 1850s and 1930s?
1850s: 60% land
1930s: 4% population, 50% land
When was the century of shame?
1849-1949
When was the Taiping Rebellion and how many people were killed?
1850-1864
30-50 million killed
Between what years was the New Government period?
1901-1909
When did Sun create the Revive China Society?
1894
When were the Three Principles of the People made?
1905
Under Sun’s democracy transition plan, how many years of military dictatorship were required?
3 years
Under Sun’s democracy transition plan, how many years of ‘tutelage period’ were required?
6 years
When was Tongmenghui (Revolutionary Alliance) formed?
Sept 1905
By what year, how many members had contacts in provinces?
1906, 10,000 members
Between what years did 3 out 4 major rebellions occur?
1908-1911
When did the Xinhai Revolution occur?
10 October 1911
Within how many, how many provinces declared independence during the Xinhai Revolution?
6 weeks
24 provinces
When was the Provisional Government proclaimed during the Xinhai revolution?
29 December 1911
When did Sun become the provisional president during the Xinhai Revolution?
1st January 1912
When did the Qing Dynasty accept that they lost the Mandate of Heaven?
12 February 1912
When did parliament elections occur in Yuan’s government?
Jan 1913
When did Yuan pressure how many GMD members to resign and when was Song assassinated?
June 1912, 4 GMD members forced to resign
March 1913 assassination of Song
When did Yuan secure the Reorganisation Loan and how much did he secure?
April 1913 he secured $100 million foreign money
How much yuan worth of debt did Yuan have per month?
13 million yuan/month of debt
When did the GMD backed province declare independence from Yuan’s government and how long did it take for how many other provinces to rebel?
July 1913 GMD backed province declared independence
1 month later, 6 other provinces rebelled
When was the GMD banned under Yuan?
4 Nov 1913
When were national & provincial parliaments dissolved under Yuan?
Jan 1914
When did Yuan extend his presidency and how long to?
May 1914
President term extended from 5 years to 10 years
When were the 21 Demands delivered?
18 Jan 1915
When was the ‘day of shame’ after the acceptance of the 21 Demands?
7 May 1915
When did Yuan assume the title of emperor?
1 Jan 1916
How many were for Yuan becoming emperor and how many were against?
1993 For
0 Against
When did Yuan renounce his claim to the throne?
March 1916
When did Yuan die?
June 1916
When was the New Cultural Movement?
mid 1910s
When was the New Youth journal founded?
1915
When did China enter WW1?
1917
When was the secret agreement made that gave German concessions in China to Japan?
1918
When was the May Fourth Movement?
May 4 1919
How many students gathered in Tiananmen Square during the May Fourth Movement?
3000
How many student leaders were arrested during the May Fourth Movement?
30
How many universities participated in the May Fourth Movement?
12
How long did it take for how many provinces to start protesting after the May Fourth Movement?
1 month
20 provinces
How many towns & cities had protests and strikes following the May Fourth Movement?
100+
When and how many workers went on strike in Shanghai following the May Fourth Movement?
June 1919
100,000
When was there a conflict between the northern warlords?
late 1924
When did Sun Yatsen die?
12 March 1925
When did British guards fire on protestors in Shanghai and how many did they kill?
30th May 1925
Killed 11 men
How many protestors were killed in Gangzhou for the ‘May 30 Martyrs’?
52
When did the Shanghai Worker’s Union call a general strike and how many workers and students participated and for how long?
1st June 1925
200,000 workers
50000 students
lasted 2 months
How many members did the CCP have by the start of 1927?
57,000
How many workers and students were involved in strikes total by the start of 1927?
17 million
When was Liao Zhongkai (GMD pro United Front) assassinated?
20th August 1925
When the communist gunboat alleged to have kidnapped Jiang?
20th March 1926
When was Jiang elected Chairman of GMD?
July 1926
When was the mobilization of the Northern Expedition announced?
1st July 1926
When did the Nationalist Revolutionary Army march North?
27th July 1926
How many troops and Huangpu officers were in the NRA?
85,000 troops
6,000 Huangpu officers
How many combined warlord troops were there?
750,000 troops
By what year had Jiang’s army increased in size and started marching on Nanjing and Shanghai?
1927
When was the creation of Comintern?
March 1919
When did the Comintern agents arrive in China?
April 1920
When was the First National Party Congress and how many delegates went?
July 1921 - 12 delegates from cells across China and Japan
How large was the Chinese Communist Party at the time of the First National Congress?
only 57 in a population of 400 Million
When did the National Assembly gather in the southern city of Guangzhou to elect Sun as the grand marshal of a new military govt?
August + September 1917
When did Sun return to Guangzhou to build a new govt. with General Chen Jiongming?
May 1921
When did Sun meet with Comintern agent Maring and Joffe to discuss the reorganisation of the GMD?
August 1922
When did the Sun-Joffe declaration occur?
26 January 1923
When was the first National Congress of the reorganised GMD?
29-30 January 1923
How many of the seats of the new GMD Central Executive Committee were given to the communists?
24
When was the Huangpu Military Academy founded?
1 May 1924
When did Jiang Jieshi return from the USSR?
3 May 1924
When did Borodin move the government to Wuhan?
1st Jan 1927
When did Nationalist troops march on Shanghai?
March 1927
When did Wang & Chen issue a joint statement reaffirming the FUF?
April 1927
When did Big Ears Du send how many men into Shanghai working class districts?
12th April 1927
2000 man militia
How many communists were killed in the Shanghai Massacre?
5-10,000
When was Jiang expelled from the GMD following the Shanghai Massacre?
17th April 1927
When did the FUF offially end?
15th July 1927
When was Jiang asked to become leader of GMD?
late 1927
When did Jiang return to Nanjing?
1st Jan 1928
When were the first uprisings launched against the Nationalists?
1st Aug 1927
How long did it take for the Nationalists to recapture Nanchang?
4 days
When was the Autumn Harvest Uprising?
7-13 Sept 1927
When did the CCP seize control of Guangzhou and how long did they last and how many were killed?
11th Dec 1927
2 days
5700
What had the CCP membership from and to by the late 1920s?
57,000-10,000
When was the Sixth Party Congress held?
June-July 1928
When was the CCP meeting of the Politburo held after the 6PC?
Nov 1929
By when was the CCP situation volatile but Comintern was happy with it?
23 July 1930
When was the Returned Students’ Clique formed?
8 Jan 1931
How many people were initially in the Communists’ First Workers’ & Peasant’s Army?
¬ 10,000
When did Mao abandon Jinggangshan for Ruijin?
Jan 1929
When was the First All-China Congress of Soviets held in Ruijin?
7 Nov 1931
When was the Jiangxi Soviet first and fully established?
First established: 1928
Fully established: 1931
When did Jiang start bandit extermination campaigns?
1903+
Under Mao’s land reform, what became the fixed grain tax?
15-20%
When did Mao instigate the purge of the Red Army and how many were killed?
Oct 1930
1000 executions
When and how many leaders of the Futian protests did Mao call?
June 1931
200 leaders
How many people died total in the Futian Purges?
20,000
When was Mao replaced as general political commissar of the Red Army?
Oct 1932
When did the CCP move from Shanghai to Ruijin?
Jan 1933
How many people did Jiangxi Soviet govern in how large an area?
3 million ppl
30,000 km2
How many people lived under Jiangxi Soviet admin?
3 million ppl
When did the Jiangxi Soviet end?
1934
When was the Nanjing govt. founded?
18th April 1927
When was Beijing captured?
June 1928
When was Jiang inaugurated at president and the govt. structure formalised?
10 Oct 1928
When did the GMD announce they would monopolise power in a period of ‘political tutelage’?
March 1929
When did Jiang assume the title of Generalissimo?
1931
How many military campaigns were employed to subdue rebellions in the Nanjing Decade?
23
In how many provinces did the Nationalists have direct control over in the Nanjing Decade?
4
What % of govt. spending was on the military to just maintain control?
80%
How many foreign concessions were given up as part of the modernisation programs in the Nanjing Decade?
10/23
In Sichuan Province in 1933 taxes were being collected for what year in advance in the Nanjing Decade?
1971
How many different taxes did the Gensan Province have in the Nanjing Decade?
44
Between when did some provinces have tax rates 11x higher than the official rate?
Oct 1921-March 1933
Between when did Control Yuan receive how many reports on laziness etc. in the Nanjing Decade?
1931-1937
69,500 reports
How many reported officials were at fault for laziness and corruption between 1931-1937 and how many were sacked in the Nanjing Decade?
268 reported
13 sacked
When was the Blue Shirts brotherhood founded in the Nanjing Decade?
1932
How many members did the Blue Shirts have and by when?
14,000 strong by 1935
How many Communists and sympathisers did the Nationalists claim to reform between what period in the Nanjing Decade?
1927-1937
24,000 Communists
155,525 sympathisers
How many did the Communists claim the Nationalists killed between 1927-1937 in the Nanjing Decade?
300,000 ppl
When was the New Life Movement launched?
February 1934
How many rules did the New Life Movement introduce?
96
When were Bandit Extermination and Encirclement campaigns launched against the CCP in the Nanjing Decade?
Dec 1930
How many men and aircraft were used as part of Jiang’s new tactics against the Red Army in the Nanjing Decade?
1 million +
200 aircraft
How many CCP troops were killed as part of the new Nationalist tactics and how many Soviet areas were captured by when in the Nanjing Decade?
1,000s of CCP soldiers
60/70 Soviet bases by Sept 1934
How far West was Hunan for the new CCP base in the Nanjing Decade?
550km
How long did the Long March take?
16 Oct 1934 - Oct 1935
How long was the Long March and what was the average speed?
12,000km
Average speed = 27km/day
How many provinces, mountain ranges and rivers etc. did the Long March go through?
11 provinces
18 mountain ranges
24 rivers & deserts etc.
How many pitched battles occurred in the Long March?
15
How many started on the Long March and how many were there at the end?
100,000 started
7-20,000 finished
(35 women allowed to go)
In the changes after the Zunyi Conference, how many bolsheviks were sidelined?
28 Bolsheviks and Braun
When did Yang and his unit arrive at the bridge of the battle of Luding Bridge?
29th May 1935
How many men survived the snowy mountains and made their way into Sichuan?
10,000
How many people were in Zhang’s army?
40,000
When was the final battle at Lazikou Pass fought?
Marking a red army victory
16th September 1935
When was the end of the long march officially proclaimed?
22nd October 1935
Of the initial 100k marchers how many survived?
7-8,000 survived (4/5ths)
In december 1935 what did the number of Soviets get boosted to?
30,000 because they moved their base to Yan’an and they collected the remnants of their abandoned soviet provences
In what year did Japan begin to intrude on Chinese territory?
1931 (with a main focus on Manchuria)
What was the date that without approval from the Japanese government a group of soldiers decided to attack Manchuria?
18th September 1931
What year did Japan take control of Manchuria?
End of 1931
In what year did Japan declare Manchuria’s independence from China?
18th Feb 1932
When was the North China administration Region created?
1935
When did Japan launch an all out assult on the repulic of China?
Mid 1937
In the land tax refor, from what years was the surplus of land taken from landlords and redistributed to those in need?
from 1935-1937
During the land and tax reform period, how much was the interests on loans and morgages reduced by?
and how much was the rent?
18% to 1.5% (interests)
rents were no more than 25% of harvest
During the social changes of the Yan’an way, how much were literacy rates raised? And in what years?
they were 1% in 1936 and 50% in 1943
During the Economic change in the Yan’an way how much of their own food was produced by the Soviets?
40%
In the Yan’n political system, what percentage of the vote did each group hold + what were the groups?
1/3 = the members of the CCP
1/3= were from other leftist groups
1/3+ could be anyone except for Japanese collaboratiors, landlords, local bullies, or right wing GMD
In what decade was Mao creating the majority of his ideologies?
1940’s
What year did Mao formally launch his Reunification Campaign/ Zhengfeng?
1 feb 1942
By what year was the reunification campaign shaping up as a purge?
1941
by 1940 how many people did the Yan’an Soviet grow to?
50 million
From 1934 to 1940 to 1945 how many more people were members of the CCP?
40,000 in 1937
800,000 by 1940
over a million 1945
What was the growth of the red army from 1937 to 1945?
1937= 92k soldiers
1945= 860k soldiers
When was Mao’s book On New Democracy published?
1940
What year did Mao’s reunification Campaign grow to a close?
1944
When was the Fujian rising, how long did it take to quell?
1933
When did Jiang come to an agreement with the Japanese allowing them to take 6 more provinces?
1935
When was the 7th party congress?
August 1935
By what date had Zhang negotiated a truce with the CCP?
Jan 1936
When did Zhang meet with Zhou Enali to plan the end of the chinese civil war?
April 1936
When did Jian fly to Xi’an to impose order upon the disobedient troops under Zhang’s command and dicipline Zhang?
3rd December 1936
When did Zhang force a second united front?
12 December 1936
Xi’an incident
When did Jiang fly back to Nanjing?
25 December 1936
When was the second united front formally declared? + how long did negotiations take?
9 month formal negotiations, declared 22 September 1937
When did the Sino-Japanese war begin? +how fast was the first battle from Beijing
7/7/1937
it was a minor clash betwen Chinese and Japanese troops at the Marco Polo Bridge 16km from Beijing
Second Sino-Japanese War
Whe was the second front opened up outside Shanghai? + how many of Jiang’s troops were killed
13 Aug 1937
250k killed (60% of his best troops killed or wonded)
sino-jap war 2nd edition
When did the Nationalist govenment declare the war as a war of self defence?
15 Aug 1937
Sino-J war 2nd edition
When was shanghai and Nanjing lost?
Shanghai = Nov 1937
Nanjing 1937
After the retreats of Nanjing and shanghai how many refugees were left without care?
100K
In Nanjing how long did the Japanese terrorise civilians?
+how many were killed
+girls raped
7 weeks
up to 300k killed
10k women + girls raped
On what day were the dykes of the yellow river blown up, and what were the results?
7th June 1938
Crops in 3 provences ruined
11 cities were flooded
3-5 million ppl were left homeless
500k drowned
When did the city of Wunhan fall?
25 dec 1938
2nd S-J war
When did the Nationalists establish ‘free China’?
20 Nov 1937
2nd S-J war
What was the drop in income tax to at ‘free China’?
67% to 6.3%
2nd S-J war
What was the hyperinflation price rise in 1 month?
50%
2nd S-J war
Between 1942-1944 what was the average % price rise during the hyperinflation?
237%
Then 251% between Jan-Aug 1945
2nd S-J war
What % of foreign aid ended up on the black market?
30%
2nd S-J war
What did tax on crops increase to for peasants?
70-90% compared to CCP 25%
2nd S-J war
How many people died between when due to hunger/disease during the Henan famine?
1942-43 there were 2-3 million deaths
2nd S-J war
When was the Nationalists war effor described as ‘practically zero’ from?
1938
2nd S-J war
What %/no. of GMD conscripts died as a result of treatment by GMD?
50% = 1.5 million
2nd S-J war
When did Stilwel give Jiang the order from FDR for Stilewell to take over the military?
Sept 1944
2nd S-J war
How many people died in the failed Hundred Regiments Offensive?
22000 men in late 1940
2nd S-J war
When did the US start the Dixie Mission?
July1944
2nd S-J war
When did FDR send personal emissary Hurley to Yan’an?
Nov 1944
2nd S-J war
How many Chinese soldiers were killed overall?
3 million
2nd S-J war
How many Chinese civillians were killed?
18 million
2nd S-J war
How many people became refugees?
95 million
