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History 2018 > Russia 1900 - 1940 > Flashcards

Russia 1900 - 1940 Flashcards

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1
Q

How much space does Russia take up

A

1/6 of the earth’s landmass

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2
Q

When did Russia start t industrialise

A

Only a lot later than the rest of the world, which pit Russia behind the rest of Europe

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3
Q

What was Russia’s most significant achievement

A

The Trans-Siberian Railway

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4
Q

From where does the Trans-Siberian Railway run to

A

From Moscow the Vladivostok

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5
Q

What was the population of Russia

A

Over 25 million

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6
Q

How many ethnic groups were there

A

Over 56 ethnic groups

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7
Q

What was Russian society like

A

It ways hierarchical

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8
Q

What was the name of a ruler of Russia

A

An autocratic emperor or Tsar

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9
Q

What was a the social structure oftendepicted as

A

A ‘Russian wedding cake’. It is shown as a feudal pyramid

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10
Q

What group made up the biggest group

A

The poor peasantry and small industrial working class made up more that 4/5 of the population.

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11
Q

What class was very small compared to britain or France

A

The educated and professional middle class

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12
Q

Who was at the top

A

The royal family

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13
Q

Who was below the royal family

A

The government minister

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14
Q

Who were below the government ministers

A

The church/clergy

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15
Q

Who were elbow the church/clergy

A

The army

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16
Q

Who were below the army

A

The capitalists

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17
Q

Who wer at the bottom

A

The workers

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18
Q

What was another name for the workers

A

Proletariats

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19
Q

Who was Russia ruled bu

A

Tsar Nicholas II

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20
Q

What was the name of the Russian royal family

A

The Romanovs

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21
Q

Since when had the Russian royal family been in power

A

Since 1613

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22
Q

Why was the Tsar not a good leader despite being well educated and widely travelled

A

He was easily influenced by his wife and other public servants

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23
Q

Who was the tsar especially influenced by

A

Rasputin

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24
Q

Who was the Tsar’s wife

A

Tsarina Alexandra

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25
Q

Who was the tsarina’s grandmother

A

Queen Victoria

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26
Q

What was the tsarina’s original name

A

Alix of Hesse

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27
Q

What happened to the country when the tsar went to war

A

The tsar left the running of the country up to the tsarina

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28
Q

What did the tsarina not allow when she was in power

A

She did not allow the duma to make policy decisions. She continued to make autocratic rulings

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29
Q

Who did the tsarina take advise from

A

From Rasputin

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30
Q

Why did the tsarina take advise from Rasputin

A

He claimed he could heal their only son of haemophilia

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31
Q

What was the son’s name

A

Alexei

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32
Q

What is haemophilia

A

A rare blood disease whereby blood is unable to clot

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33
Q

What was Rasputin seen as

A

A mysterious holy man, a drunkard, a womaniser

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34
Q

How did Rasputin gain significant influence over political decisions

A

Through his relationship with the tsarina

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35
Q

Why made the tsarina even more unpopular

A

The scandals the surrounded Rasputin and their close relationship

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36
Q

When did the 1905 revolution breakout

A

When soldiers fired on workers who marched to the winter palace to present a petition to the tsar.

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37
Q

How many workers were there in 905 revolution

A

20 000

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38
Q

What is the capital

A

St Petersburg

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39
Q

Who led the crowd in the 1905 revolution

A

Father Gapon

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40
Q

What was the crowd asking for in the 1905 revolution

A

They wanted improved working conditions and basic human rights.

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41
Q

How many were killed/injured during the 1905 revolution

A

130 were killed and 200 wounded

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42
Q

What is the 1905 revolution known as

A

The Bloody Sunday Massacre

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43
Q

What did the 1905 revolution spark

A

It sparked demonstrations, riots and mutinies

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44
Q

What did the tsar do to stop the revolt

A

He recalled his army from japan

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45
Q

What were the long term causes of the revolution

A

Poverty, lack of democracy, ineptitude of the tsar and terrible working conditions

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46
Q

What were the short term cause of the 1905 revolt

A

The war with china and the humiliating defeat with japan

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47
Q

What were the results of the 1905 revolt

A

First soviet was formed
Lenin and Trotsky returned from exile
A duma was established
Duma was dismissed
Showed that mass participation was a powerful force for change
Showed Tsarist government still strong enough to hold power

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48
Q

Why did t estate dismiss the first two Dumas

A

Because he felt the requests were too radical. He returned to his autocratic type rule

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49
Q

What led to the downfall of the Romanov dynasty

A

World War One

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50
Q

What side did Russia join the army on

A

The allied side

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51
Q

How was Russia badly prepared for war

A

It lacked obey to manufacture weapons and to feed, clothe, arm and train the soldiers.

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52
Q

Who was Russia defeated by several times during the 1st world war

A

Germany

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53
Q

Who led the Russian armies

A

Aristocratic generals who felt nothing for their troops.

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54
Q

What happened when the tsar took control of the army in September

A

He was held responsible for all the hardships

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55
Q

Why was the tsarina hated

A

Because of her german origins

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56
Q

What city’s name was changed because it sounded too german

A

St Petersburg was changed to Petrograd

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57
Q

Who fought on the allied side

A

Britain, France, the US and Russia

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58
Q

Who lost the most men in the 1st world war

A

Russia

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59
Q

Who ere the tsar opponent

A 
The liberal 
Social revolutionaries
The Democratic Party: 
-Mensheviks 
-Bolsheviks
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60
Q

Who were the liners

A

They were the group that wanted the tsar to introduce a constitutional monarchy

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61
Q

Who were the social revolutionaries

A

They wanted to forcibly seize land from the upper classes

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62
Q

Who were the Mensheviks

A

They wanted a change to socialism but without an immediate revolution

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63
Q

Who were the bolsheviks

A

They were led by Lenin, followers of Marxism and whanted a revolution.

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64
Q

What was Karl Marx’s profession

A

He was a philosopher who lived most of his life in exile in London

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65
Q

What happened in London while Marx was living in exile there

A

The industrial revolution was creating many social inequalities

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66
Q

What did Marx believe was morally wrong

A

Capitalism, whereby a few wealthy individuals exploited the masses

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67
Q

Who did the proletariats rise up against

A

The capitalists

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68
Q

What happened as a result of this revolt against the capitalists

A

All factories, land and banks were nationalised so all the wealth could be redistributed

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69
Q

What did Marx think would happen if all the wealth was divided equally

A

That there would be no need for government and that all would be free and equal, a utopia and a perfect communist society

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70
Q

What was Marx’s most famous book

A

‘The Communist Manifesto’ and ‘Das Kapital ‘

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71
Q

Where did Marx think a revolution would start first

A

In a more industrialised society such a great britain, but it was actually Russia

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72
Q

What was Lenin’s profession

A

He was a brilliant scholar who qualified as a lawyer

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73
Q

When did Lenin become involved in revolutionary activities

A

In university. He was frequently arrested and exiled to Siberia.

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74
Q

How was his early life influenced

A

By the arrest and execution of his brother

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75
Q

Who was Lenin’s brother executed by

A

The tsarist authorities

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76
Q

Where did Lenin go to exile in 1900

A

Europe

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77
Q

What happened when he went to exile in Europe

A

He became a follower of Marxism and thrived to spread Marx’s teaching in Russia through newspapers

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78
Q

What are two examples of newspapers Lenin used o spread Marxism

A

Iskra and Pravda

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79
Q

When did Lenin return to Russia

A

After the fail of the 1905 revolt

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80
Q

What party was Lenin the founder of

A

The bolsheviks

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81
Q

What did he inspire and lead

A

The Russian revolution

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82
Q

How was Lenin involved in the soviet state

A

He was the architect, builder and first head of the soviet state

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83
Q

What organisation did Lenin found

A

Comintern

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84
Q

What doctrine did Russia follow

A

Marxist-Leninism. This became the communist world view

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85
Q

What is the definition of communism

A

A system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed. The theory advocates the elimination of private property and ownership. The doctrine is based in the revolutionary Marxian socialism and marxist-Leninism that was the official ideology of the USSR

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86
Q

What is the definition of socialism

A

A system of society or group living in which their is no private property, the means on production are owned and controlled by the state. It is a stage of society in Marxist theory transitioning between capitalism and communism

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87
Q

What led to repeated defeats and severe problems in the Russian army during the first world war

A

Shortages in food and equipment

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88
Q

What led to demonstrations in Petrograd

A

Unemployment, rising food prices, food and fuel shortages

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89
Q

Who was part of the riots in Petrograd and what did the call for

A

Steel workers as well as thousands of women joined in. They called for provision of bread.

90
Q

Why did the army not fire on the demonstrators when the tsarina called them

A

Because the members in the riots were family members and friends. They also sympathised with the

91
Q

What did the soldiers and workers set up

A

The Petrograd soviet

92
Q

What did the duma set up

A

A provisional government

93
Q

Who led the provisional government

A

Kerensky

94
Q

What did the tsar try to do, but fail

A

He tried to get on a train and leave, but was arrested and forced to abdicate

95
Q

What were the reforms introduced by the provisional government

A 
Political prisoners were freed
Political exiles were allowed to return to Russia 
Freedom of speech and press was allowed
No redistribution of land occurred 
War against Germany continued
96
Q

Who allowed Lenin to cross their country to get back to Russia

A

Germany helped him return from exile in Switzerland to Russia

97
Q

What were the two groups hat people in Russia followed in October 1917

A

The Petrograd soviet and the provisional government

98
Q

What did the provisional government feel in regards to the war

A

They felt it should stay true to the alliance with France and Britain. Majority of people wanted out.

99
Q

What did Lenin on its return home

A

He drew up an ‘April thesis’

100
Q

What was in the ’april thesis‘

A

It was ten directives issued by Lenin which offered the majority of people what they seemed to want.

101
Q

What did people seem to want that was in Lenin’s ‘April thesis’

A

He demanded an immediate end to the war with Germany

Redistribution of land to the peasants

102
Q

What were the slogans of the Bolsheviks

A

‘Peace, bread and land’ and ‘all power to the soviets’

103
Q

Who was kornilov

A

Commander in Cherie of the Russian army

104
Q

What did kornilov do

A

He staged an attempted right-winged coup

105
Q

What was the provisional government forced to do

A

Go to the Bolsheviks’ red army for help

106
Q

What did Lenin persuade his comrades to do

A

To stage a second revolution and to seize power

107
Q

What happened as a result of the october revolution

A

Lenin and his comrades overthrew the provisional government and Lenin announced the establishment of the soviet of people’s commissars.

108
Q

What was the soviet of people’s commissars

A

A new government to establish communism in Russia

109
Q

What did the Bolsheviks choke their name to

A

The communist party and they established a system referred to as Marxist-Leninism

110
Q

What were the reforms /improvements

A 
Russia’s role in the world war ended 
Private ownership of land was abolished
Land redistributed
Working conditions were improved
8 hour day and workers insurance 
Divorce was allowed
Free education: adult literacy 
Equality for women encouraged
USSR formed
111
Q

What treaty was signed, and with who, to end Russia’s role in the word war

A

The treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed with Germany

112
Q

What was the downside to Russia withdrawing from the world war

A

Terms were harsh

113
Q

What does USSR stand for

A

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

114
Q

How many republics formed the USSR

A

5 republics

115
Q

Which was the largest republic

A

Russia

116
Q

What were the repressive measures introduced

A 
Lost industrial land 
Economy weakened
Little debate was allowed
Censorship introduced
Land was taken without compensation 
Cheka set up 
Lenin established a dictatorship of the proletariats 
USSR became a totalitarian, one-party state with a powerful leader
117
Q

Why did Russia loose industrial land

A

Due to the treaty with Germany

118
Q

What happed because there was very little debate allowed

A

All opposition parties and newspapers were banned

119
Q

Who was the Cheka

A

A ruthless secret police

120
Q

What was the Cheka’s job

A

To seek out and destroy the enemy

121
Q

Why did Lenin established a dictatorship over the proletariats

A

Elections were held for the promised constituent assembly, but when the Bolsheviks won less than 1/4 of the votes, Lenin shut down the assembly and established a dictatorship

122
Q

Wat does the communist symbol represent

A

A workers’ revolution

123
Q

What did the flag of the USSR look like

A

it was red with a hammer, sickle, and a star

124
Q

What does the hammer represent

A

It represents the industrial workers

125
Q

What does the sickle represent

A

The agricultural workers

126
Q

What does the star on the new flag represent

A

The ultimate goal if global communist victory and the role of the communist party

127
Q

Who took part in the civil war

A

The reds and the whites

128
Q

Who were the reds

A

The communist forces

129
Q

Who were the whites

A

Groups who opposed the communist party dictatorship

130
Q

How were the whites weakened

A

They were weakened because not all the leaders agreed on a future plan for Russia

131
Q

Who assisted the whites

A

Armed forces from the US and Britain

132
Q

Why did britain and the USA assist the white

A

They were afraid of the spread f communism

133
Q

Who won the civil war

A

The reds

134
Q

Why did the reds win

A

Trotsky was in charge
They were determined to win (if they lost the revolution would have meant nothing )
Effective propaganda and terror
Whites were not a united force war communism

135
Q

Who introduce war communism

A

Lenin

136
Q

What were the key feature

A

Nationalisation or entire economy and central landing

137
Q

Why did the government forcibly requisition grain

A

To feed the red army and urban population

138
Q

What were the consequences of the requisitioning of grain

A

Production fell ad there was no incentive to grow crops. This led to food shortages and famine

139
Q

Who did the people blame for the famine and food shortages

A

The government. Peasant rebellions broke out

140
Q

What did the sailors at Kronstadt demand

A

Free elections, press freedom, an end to requisitioning and an end to the communist dictatorship

141
Q

Who were some of Lenin’s strongest supporters what was

A

The sailors at Kronstadt

142
Q

What was Lenin’s reaction to these riots

A

To have them brutally crushed

143
Q

What does NEP stand for

A

The new economic policy

144
Q

Why was NEP introduced

A

To get the economy going again

145
Q

What did NEP allow

A

It allowed limited free enterprise: people could have their own small and medium sized businesses

146
Q

Who were the NEPMEN

A

A wealthier class of business men

147
Q

Who were the KULAKS and why did they emerge

A

They were a wealthy group of farmers that emerged because they were able to sell their produce for profit.

148
Q

What was established during the NEP

A

A state bank

149
Q

What were people in minority groups mor allowed to do

A

Use their own language and practice religion

150
Q

Who were trade links established with during the NEP

A

Britain, France and Germany

151
Q

What was the NEP and who were the people who were unhappy with it

A

The strict communist were unhappy because the NEP was a temporary compromise with capitalism

152
Q

How did Lenin die

A

He suffered a series of strokes

153
Q

What followed Lenin’s death

A

Sm intense leadership struggle

154
Q

Who did people expect to become th new leader

A

Trotsky

155
Q

What were people afraid of in Trotsky

A

He was too radical

156
Q

Which three leaders were chosen to lead the party

A

Kamenov, Zinoviev and stalin

157
Q

What did Stalin use to ensure his success and to appoint his supporters to key positions

A

He used devisions amongst rivals and his position as General

158
Q

What did Stalin cause Trotsky, Kaminov and Zenoviev of

A

Of plotting to overthrow the government. He had them expelled from the party

159
Q

How did Trotsky die

A

He was exiled and was murdered with an ice pick in Mexico

160
Q

What disease did Stalin have as a child

A

Smallpox

161
Q

How was Stalin introduced to the writings of Karl Marx and Lenin

A

While he was at a seminar he came into contact with a secret organisation that supported Georgian independence from Russia

162
Q

What happened to Stalin when Lenin died

A

He became the dictator

163
Q

What did Stalin force

A

Rapid industrialisation and collectivisation of agricultural land

164
Q

What did his red army do in WWII

A

Defeated Nazi Germany

165
Q

What did Stalin believe in

A

‘Socialism in one country’

166
Q

How did Stalin plan to grow the USSR into a major world power

A

By rapid urbanisation

167
Q

What would the USSR be a great example of

A

The benefits of communism opposed to capitalism

168
Q

What did Stalin need for rapid urbanisation

A

he needed more workers in factories producing more goods. Therefore urbanisation was essential

169
Q

What would happen if too many peasants moved into the cities

A

There would not be enough food production, so he needed to control the agricultural process ny collectivisation

170
Q

Who was GOSPLAN and what did they draw up

A

They were a state planning committee. They drew up plans for each state, religion, mine, factory and workers in order to achieve targets

171
Q

What was the name of the plans drawn up

A

The five year plan

172
Q

What was the first stage of the five year plan

A

Development of heavy industry. New towns were also built

173
Q

What are some examples of heavy industry

A

Steel, coal, iron and electricity

174
Q

What was the second stage of the five year plan

A

Mining of lead, tin and zinc. Improvements in transport and communication networks

175
Q

What was the third stage of the five year plan

A

Produce consumer gods, but this was disrupted by WWII and the need to produce weapons

176
Q

What does collectivisation men

A

The joint ownership of large, mechanised farms

177
Q

What were peasants encouraged to do

A

To combine all their small farms into larger, more viable Kolkhoz

178
Q

What were Kolkhoz

A

Scientifically farmed using fertiliser and machinery

179
Q

What would the government be providing

A

Houses and schools

180
Q

Where the farmers allowed to keep all the produce

A

No, a percentage was handed over to the government

181
Q

What were the successes of the five year plans

A

Russia became an industrial giant and world power
Economy able to withstand Great Depression
Illiteracy eliminated
Women encouraged to work
Many architectural achievements
Enabled success in resisting Hitler in WWII

182
Q

What were the architectural achievements

A

Dniep Dam, the Trans-Siberian railway, the Belomor Canal and the Moscow Underground

183
Q

What were the failures of the 5 year plan

A 
Targets were unrealistic 
Goods produced were poor quality
No creativity / innovation 
Slave labour used
Gulags set up 
Wages decreased and conditions in industrial towns were appalling
184
Q

Why was it bad that the targets were unrealistic

A

It meant that managers falsified figures to avoid punishment

185
Q

What were Gulags and hey were they set up

A

Labour camps set up to punish lazy/ unsatisfactory workers

186
Q

What were the successes of collectivisation

A

Agriculture was modernised
Lots of grain was produced as well as crops for export
Communist party increased control over countryside
Kulaks were eliminated as a class

187
Q

Why were the kulaks eliminated

A

Because they were a threat to the socialist state

188
Q

What were the failures of collectivisation

A

Peasants resisted collectivisation
Stalin ordered elimination of Kulaks
Most successful farmers were eliminated which led to starvation and famine

189
Q

What did peasants do to resist collectivisation

A

They burnt their crops and killed their livestock rather than hand it over. The kulaks resisted fiercely

190
Q

How did Stalin eliminate the Kulaks

A

5 to 10 million people were deported to remote areas of russia like Siberia,or shot

191
Q

How did Stalin keep control

A

By purges, show trials, educational and the cult of personality

192
Q

Who did Stalin feel threatened by

A

Imaginary and real enemies

193
Q

What did he use great terror/ purges for

A

To eliminate many political opponents

194
Q

Where did Stalin send people

A

They were executed, sent to gulags of they vanished

195
Q

Who rounded up the opponents

A

The OGPU

196
Q

Who were the OGPU

A

They were the secret police

197
Q

What did the OGPU late became known as

A

The NKVD

198
Q

Howe many people were sent to labour camps

A

About 18 million people

199
Q

What happened at the public trials

A

The bolsheviks were forced to confess their “crimes” and then they were punished accordingly

200
Q

What did Stalin do as he became increasingly paranoid

A

He created a cult of personality

201
Q

In what ways did Stalin appear everywhere

A

Endless propaganda, portraits, photographs and statues

202
Q

What was forbidden

A

Religion

203
Q

What were people encouraged to do instead of worshiping a god

A

Worship Stalin

204
Q

What was the policy of socialist realism

A

All art, literature and music had to reflect the glory of Stalin and the communist rule

205
Q

What did Stalin do in the 1930’s

A

He started to rewrite the history of russia and the Soviet Union. He showed himself as playing a vital role in the revolution

206
Q

Why were photographs fixed to show Lenin and Stalin together

A

To show that Stalin was the natural successor

207
Q

When did the Soviet Union join WWII

A

When Germany invaded the USSR

208
Q

Why did war break out between the USSR and Germany

A

Prior to the war hitler and Stalin had signed the Nazi-Soviet pact. It said that they would split Poland between them. Hitler continued marching into the USSR and disregarded the pact

209
Q

What pact did Stalin and hitler sign

A

The Nazi-Soviet

210
Q

What did the war enable the USSR to do

A

Th extent its influence over Eastern Europe

211
Q

What are the Baltic states

A

Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia

212
Q

What states were annexed by the USSR

A

Latvia
Estonia
Lithuania

213
Q

What did the red army take form the Nazi’s

A

They liberated Eastern Europe

214
Q

Why did the Russian troops and officials remain after the war

A

To assis communist parties to come to power

215
Q

What countries did the Russian troops and officials help

A

Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and east Germany

216
Q

What did these countries do

A

They were legally independent, but became a one part communist dictatorship who took orders for Moscow and Stalin

217
Q

Who did the USSR challenge after WWII

A

The western powers as a rival economic system and a military power

218
Q

Why did the relations between the USSR and the Western powers became tense

A

Because they both sought to expand their influence

219
Q

What ended after the war

A

The war-time alliance against nazi Germany

220
Q

What was the iron curtain

A

A thing Winston Churchill spoke of that separate communist and non-communist Europe

221
Q

What was the time period from 1945 onward known as

A

The Cold War

222
Q

How did Stalin die

A

A massive stroke

History 2018 (18 decks)

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