Grade 12 History Flashcards
What was the structure of the government during the 1970s and 1980s
- Parliament voted by whites
- Upper house made laws, lower house approved them.
- White NP members filled positions of prime minister and state presidents. The prime minister had a ceremonial role. Only later were the two offices combined, and the state president had an exclusive role.
- NP increased its majority in parliament. They could easily pass laws without worrying about opposition from the people.
- Indian and ‘coloureds’ had white advisory councils, but they had very little power.
- African pop. had no political right. Instead they had limited autonomy i the homeland
- Therefore, apartheid (policy o segregation) was in place
- apartheid created social and economic segregation with very limited contact between races.
What was the lower house and the upper house of the parliament
Lower house- the house of assembly
Upper house- the senate
Where was contact between the races limited to
The work environment, but there was a master-servant relationship
Why did the government become very vulnerable
- Resistance which had been driven underground, was becoming vociferous. The Soweto uprising and growing ANC activity in the neighbouring states made the government aware that changes needed to occur
- Growing oversees opposition: many started culturally and economically boycotting them
- The apartheid government had made national service compulsory for every white male over the age of 16 for one year, which was increased to two.
- ‘petty apartheid’ was scrapped and P.W. Bothe launched the tricameral system, but was generally rejected as illegitimate.
Who was the official opposition to the NP
The united party. The liberal party only had one member in parliament.
What happened to the ANC and the PAC after the Sharpeville massacre
They were banned and driven underground.
What was the armed wing of the ANC and what happened to it
Umkhonto we Sizwe’s headquarters was discovered at Lilliesleaf Farm. The Ravenna trial which followed the arrest of those found on the farm, imprisoned most of the ANC leadership. Anyone not caught fled and operated in neighbouring countries
Why was there and attempt to get the AND and the PAC outside the county to unite
The aim was to present a united front against apartheid and to make it easier to raise money and help from other groups who wanted to support.
Why did the efforts to unite the PAC and the ANC not succeed
Because they disagreed about the Freedom Charter and the role of whites in resistance
Where did the ANC set up a base and what was wrong with this place
In Tanzania, but it was at away, so the ANC worked with anti-colonialist groups such as ZANU and ZAPU
Who were ZANU and ZAPU fighting against
The white Rhodesian government of Ian Smith.
What were some of the signs that people were jointing the resistance
- Support for the ANC was growing: 14 eastern an Central African countries assisted and provided hope for African liberation movements
- Leaders within the ANC were changed/ re-elected which strengthened the ANC’s position
- Strikes started to occur in industrial areas (particularly in Durban and the East Rand). These strikes snowed the general discontent among black workers. These strikes were for economic, not political, reasons, they gave the exiled activists new hope
- The Soweto uprising was proof that things were changing
- The government responded to these changes by attempting to reform apartheid. P.W.Bothe became prime minister, and understood why small changes had to be made, but didn’t think apartheid should go. His resistance to the abolition of apartheid encouraged activists to work toward international pressure on the SA government
What is black consciousness
An attitude of mind that can broaden into a philosophy and way of life. In apartheid it replaced the work non-white with the term ‘black’, which was positive rather than negative.
Who were included in ‘black’
Indian and coloured people as well as black Africans.
What did consciousness refer to
The realisation that black people have inherent worth and dignity as individuals and as a group.
