Grade 11 history Flashcards
When was the union of south africa formed
1910
Who had the power what the union of south africa was formed
The white people
Who had the right to vote in three of the 4 provinces
Only white males
What city had a non-racial franchise
Cape Town
Who had the right to vote in cape town
Whites and it allowed some coloured and african males to vote
In what areas was segregation seen
- Land ownership
- the army
- the towns
- administrative and legal systems
- political systems
Segregation in the workplace
Special laws reserved skilled positions in the mines for white workers. These laws also prevented blacks from training for skilled positions and denied black workers the right to strike or be members of trade unions. The ‘civilised labour’ policy gave white workers a protected place in the economy. They were given preference for jobs in the government. Thousands of black workers were diminished and replaced by whites
What did specials laws in the workplace do/prevent
They reserved skilled positions on the mines for white workers. They prevented blacks from training for skilled positions in industry.
They denied black workers the right to strike and to be part of a registered trade union.
What was the policy of ‘civilised labour’
It was a policy that secured a place in the economy for white people and gave white peoples preference for jobs in government departments. This meant that thousands of black workers were diminished and replaced by white workers
Segregation in land ownership
The land act said that Africans could only own 7% of the country. The places were set aside by whites and were called reserves. Many people were forced off of their land and moved to the overcrowded reserves.
How much space did the reserves take up
7%
When was the land act extended
In 1936
What were the two black independent states
Basutoland and Swaziland
Segregation in the army
Only white soldiers were allowed to fight in the army. Black soldiers were not allowed to bear arms but had to serve as unarmed auxiliaries.
Segregation in towns
Africans living in urban areas had to live in special ;’locations’ or townships. (Alex, Soweto, Diepsloot). The government set up a pass system to limit the movement of black people.
What was the nickname for the pass book
Dompas
What did the pass system do
It made people controllable. If black peoples were caught without their pass books, they were sent to prison. If there were no jobs, local councils had the power to force people to return to the reserves.
Segregated administrative and legal systems
The government set up separate tribal councils to administer the reserves. They believed that blacks should be ruled separately. Traditional chiefs were given limited powers and a separate legal system of ‘Native Law’ was applied.
Segregated political systems
Africans in the escape lost their voting rights which were supposed to be protected in the union constitution. The black peoples would be represented by an elected white representative. The government set up a Natives’ representative council (NRC) to represent Africans.
What does NRC stand for
Natives’ representative council
When did segregation start to break down
During the Second World War
What did the breakdown of segregation contribute to
It contributed to the National Party winning the elections in 1948
How did the world war help to break down segregation
Industries developed because of the war, so there was a shortage of labour. Black workers began to fill skilled positions in factories and mines. Many black workers started to move permanently to the cities.
What happed when large numbers of Africans began to move to cities
There was a shortage of housing so they started to build informal settlements especially in the Witwatersrand. People started building shacks on roofs of buildings.
What did the growth of black labour result in
Increasing demands which cause workers to strike
What was the biggest strike by the black workers
The Mineworkers’ Strike in 1946
How many workers went on strike during the 1946 Mineworkers’ Strike
75 000
What effects did the 1946 Mineworkers’ Strike have
It had negative effects on the economy. It scared the white minority
What concerned the white voters
The rise of african nationalism and the demands of the Congress Youth League
Why did the National Party put forward the policy of ‘apartheid’
They did not think the government had the right policies to protect the whites and they believed the government needed to change if the system if segregation was to be maintained. The policy of apartheid seemed to offer the solution
Why was the national party voted into power
Because it supported the policy of apartheid
Who did apartheid appeal to
A wide range of white voters on economic grounds. White workers feared competition from black workers, white employers wanted cheap labour and white farmers wanted black labour in rural area.
Why did many Afrikaners vote for the National Party
Because it offered them better opportunities in an economy dominated by English-speakers.
How long did the national party stay in power
For the next 46 years
What is apartheid
Complete separation of all ‘races’ in South Africa under white domination. Enforcing total separation of black and white in all spheres. Separate churches, schools and public areas. Each race had its own distinct indents and was to be kept pure and separate from all other reaches. No sexual contact. The identity of each race would be destroyed in an integrated society
Who supported apartheid
The dutch reform church
What belief did the dutch reform church spread
The belief that Afrikaner has a God-given mission to preserve the purity of the white race
What was apartheid influenced by
Pseudo-scientific racism
What changed when apartheid was legalised
It was much stricter and was applied more harshly
What were the racial divisions under apartheid
Black, white, coloured and Indian
What was the term ‘black’ later used to refer to
Anyone who was not white (especially after the emergence of the Black consciousness movement)
What did the population registration act do
It classifies all South Africans into race groups. Each person had to carry am identity card which stated his/her racial classification.
What were the race groups in the population registration act
White Coloured Indian African - Malay - Griqua - Zulu - Xhosa
What was set up to review cases where the race classification was unclear or challenged
A race classification board
How did the racial classification affect the people
It cause users to families and relationships
Prohibition of mixed marriages act
It made inter-racial marriages illegal. Specifically between white and other races.
The immorality act
It made sexual relations between white people and people of other races illegal
Group areas act
Set aside separate areas for each race group. Many people were forcibly removed from their homes. In many cases whole communities were torn apart and suberebs destroyed.
What are two well-known examples of suburbs that were torn apart
Sofiatown and District Six in Cape Town
Who lived in Sofiatown and District Six
Black people. They were forced to leave when these areas became white group areas
Why did people like living in Sofiatown and District Six
Because they were close to the business centre of cape town and Johannesburg. They were vibrant musical, cultural and intellectual centres.
What were some problems in Sofiatown and District Six
Gangsterism and poverty
How did the government under apartheid define all black South Africans
As members of various tribes, each with its own language and traditions
What were the homeland and were they based off of
They were separate areas set aside for each tribal group. They were based off of the reserves set aside in the land act.
Why were the homelands set up
It was an attempt by the government to maintain white control by creating divisions among black majority (divide and rule)
How many people were forced to move to the homelands and why
Three and a half million people were forced to move to the homelands. Majority were people who could not find work
What were the homelands like
They were overcrowded, desperately poor and could not support the number of people who were forced to live there
What happed as a result of the homelands being overcrowded and poor
Men were forced to work as migrant workers
What was another aim of the homelands
To provide a cheep source of labour for the mines, industries and farms of ‘white’ South Africa
Who mainly populated the homelands
Women, children, elderly or sick because the men had to find work.
What was another name for homelands and why were they called this
Dumping grounds. They were called this because there were very few facilities like schools. Welfare services or clinics.
Who was appointed by the government to investigate how the homelands could be economically sufficient
The Tomlinson Commission
What did the Tomlinson Commission say about the homeland and what did the government do in response
They said that there was no way the homelands would work and that they would need to be larger to work. The government ignores the recommendations.
What was the aim of the pass system
It controlled the movement of people from the homelands.
Who had to have a pass at first
All African men
What info did the pass have on it
Name, racial group, where they worked, address and name of employer
What would happen if a mam was caught without his pass
They could be arrested and imprisoned
What was the Bantu education act
It was designed to give black children an inferior education. It offered limited education because the government wanted them to become cheep labourers. Less money and fewer resources were set aside for black education. This meant that schools were understaffed and overcrowded. This led to the decline of quality of education. Children were also not allowed to attend other government or private schools
What happened to schools that refused to teach the system
They were forcefully shut down.
What were some resources the black schools didn’t have
Libraries, science labs, sports fields.
What was learning in South Africa focused on
Rote learning and obedience. Analytical and critical thinking were not encouraged. Children were made to believe in the superiority of European culture and history
What was used to keep control in schools
Canning or corporal punishment
Separate universities act
Students had to study at separate universities. The universities that had accepted all racial groups were forced to only accept whites
What were the universities that accepted all races
University of cape town (UCT)
Witwatersrand
What universities were set up for non-whites
University of western cape (UCW) for coloureds
Durban Westville for Indians
University of the north for Sotho
University of Zululand for zulus
Separate amenities act
Spectate: transport, entrances, counters in post offices, parks, toilets, benches and beaches
Hotels, cinemas, theatres and restaurants could serve only one racial group. Spots teams were separated
Petty apartheid
No coloured firemen, ambulance drivers or traffic constables
Japanese not allowed to use whites only pool
Black golfer was not allowed inside
African Americans refused visas
Separate taxis
Coloureds only allowed to watch rugby games if a large wire fence was put up in between the coloureds and the whites
All pilots white
When the NP came to power, who was allowed to vote
White males and coloured males
Suppression of communism act
Banned the communist party of South Africa (CPSA)
it defined communism so broadly that it was used to suppress any political opposition even if it had nothing to do with communism
It gave the government power to confine people in specific areas, and anything they said or wrote could not be published, so they could not attend meetings.
Gave the government power to ban newspapers, organisations or meetings which ‘promoted communist ideology’
Why were people afraid of communism in SA
It was the Cold War era, so communism was popular. Communism meant that everyone was equal. The whites didn’t want this, they wanted whites to be superior to blacks, not equal to them.
What happened as a result of the mine workers going on strike
The government passed the Bantu Labour Settlement Of Disputes Act. This forbade employers from recognising or negotiating with African trade unions. This made unions powerless
What did some labour leaders do in reaction to the new law that banned trade unions
They formed the first non-racial trade union; the South African Congress Of Trade Unions (SACTU)
SACTU
It supported the principles of the freedom charter and fought against racism and exploitation in the workplace. It’s members lacked he right to negotiate with employers, and many of its leaders were detained.
How did oppositions and resistance to segregation change
At first the ANC resisted by getting people to sign petitions or sending delegations to the government. But the ANC then \changed to a more violent and forceful methods.
Who/what influenced the ANC into more forceful methods
The congress youth league (CYL). They wanted to built the ANC into a mass resistance movement.
Programme of action
Called for boycotts, strikes, and other non-violent protests. The ANC organised the May Day strike
Who did the ANC form alliances with
The South African Indian congress (SAIC)
The African People’s Organisation (APO)
The Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA)
What was the purpose of the May Day strike
To protest against low wages, the banning of the communist leaders and the government’s plans to ban the Communist Party
What happened at the May Day strike
There were clashes between strikers and police and 18 protesters were killed. The ANC organised another protest called the National Day of Protest And Mourning
The Defiance Campaign
The joint campaign of peaceful resistance organised by the ANC, the SAIC and the APO. Protesters purposefully broke the apartheid laws. They refused to apply for bail or pay fines and many spent moths in overcrowded jails.
How long did the Defiance Campaign last and how many people were arrested
It lasted about 3 Montrose and 8000 people were arrested.
Where were the Defiance Campaign’s strongest supporters
In the Eastern cape.
Who else used these peaceful methods to protest against segregation laws that discriminated against them
The Indians
What did the Defiance Campaign turn the ANC into
A mass-based organisation. It’s membership rose from 7000 to 100 000. The Campaign also help create unity amongst the resistance groups.
Which two groups joined to form a united front against apartheid and why was it s significant
The Liberal Party and the Congress of Democrats. They both had mainly white membership.
How did the ANC broaden its appeal and support
It formed alliances with a wider range of groups.
What was the congress of the people
A national meeting proposed by the ANC in which all resistance groups would be nvited to plan for a fire democratic South Africa.
Congress Alliance
ANC, SAIC, Coloured People’s Congress, Congress of Democratic, an later SACTU
Freedom Charter
A document put together by local communities who listed all the grievances and demands. It was unanimously adopted by the Congress of the People at Kliptown in Soweto.
What did the final copy of the Freedom Charter call for
A non-racial South Africa with political rights for all, where human rights would be upheld, for the = distribution of wealth and for social security and education for all
What did the commitment to non-racialism for the basis of
Charterism and the foundation fo the ANC ideology.
Who was critical of the Freedom Charter
The africanist in the ANC
What was the response of the women when the government announced that black women would also have to carry passes
A group of women formed FEDSAW. FEDSAW held many peaceful protests, the most famous being a march of 20 000 women of all races in Pretoria on the 9th of august. They delivered thousands of protest letters to the government. A song was especially composed for this march.
Besides FEDSAW what was another women’s organisation
The Black Sash
Black Sash
Started by white women to defend human rights and protest against government policies. Thought the years, members opposed discrimination and injustice. The women monitored court hearings and ran legal advise offices to help people affected by the pass laws.
Why was there a fierce battle between women and the police in Durban
Because the government wanted to stop the legal sale of alcohol in black areas, but many woman made a living by brewing and selling beer. When the government destroyed the home-brewing operations, the women attacked the beerhalls.
Who else was instrumental in resisting apartheid
The community. They reflected the indigenous African tradition of working together as a community about issues affecting only part of that community
How did the community resist against apartheid
Protested against Bantu education. Many parents refused to send their children to school
People of Alexandra staged a successful bus boycott which stopped the proposed increased bus fare.
Ex-servicemen in cape towel formed the Torch Commando to protest against governments plans to take away voting rights of the coloureds
SACTU organised worker stayaways, demanding a minimum wage and better working conditions.
Where else was there resistance
In rural areas.
Bantu Authorities Act
All chiefs in the reserves had to be approved by the government. Chiefs had to collect taxes and implement unpopular government policies. This made chiefs targets. Not all chiefs agreed to participate.
Where was there a revolt against the Bantu Authorities Act
There was a major revolt in Pondoland in which peasant farmers refused to pay taxes and killed several chiefs supporting government policies.
Where was there a greater awareness for human rights
In other parts of the world. The newly formed United Nations drew up a Universal Declaration of Human Rights which was accepted by most member countries.
What did people in the US do to raise awareness of human rights abuse
African Americans began a campaign called the Civil Rights Movement to fight against racism and segregation. Martin Luther King let a year-long bus boycott of the system’s segregated bus system. These kinds of campaigns successfully challenged segregation in : education, public transport, and segregated restaurants and other amenities. After a few years of these protests and campaigns, a Civil Rights Act was passed, which ended years of legal discrimination against African Americans
What gained interest in Africa
The struggle against colonialism. This resulted in the independence of most African colonies
What happened to people that were placed under ‘restriction order’ or ‘house arrest’
They had to make daily or weekly visits to report to the nearest police station. They could not attend public meetings or be quoted in newspapers, and anything they had previously written was banned.
What happened to people that ‘promoted communist ideology’
They were placed under house arrest, or under a restriction order. Other people had their passports withdrawn. People’s homes could be searched for banned books and people could be arrested if the police found any ‘communist literature’
How were the police involved in enforcing apartheid legislation
Regular police raids resulted in many black people being arrested under the pass laws. Police also helped with forced removals (e.g. Sophiatown). Repressive actions by police broke up the meeting of the Congress of the People. They arrested 156 people and charged them with treason
Besides police, who else was used to enforce legislation
The army was used to crush resistance (e.g. Pondoland- 5000 people arrested)
What was the penalty for high treason
The death penalty
What happed to the people arrested for high treason
They were found not guilty and were acquitted
How was apartheid South Africa like a totalitarian state
No freedom of speech or press
Didn’t recognise human rights
It implemented policies based on racial discrimination
Used repressive measures to enforce the policies
When did peaceful resistance reach its peak
In the 1960s in protest against the pass laws.
Which two political groups organised anti-pass campaigns in march
The ANC and the PAC
What was the PAC’s plan
Protesters would march to police stations and burn their passes and present themselves for mass arrest. They hoped that by doing this, the economy would be hit hard and the government would be forced to suspend the pass laws.
Sharpeville massacre
5000 protesters faced 300 policemen. The police opened fire and 69 people were killed and 180 injured. Almost all those killed and injured were shot in the back.
What happened after the Sharpeville massacre
There were protests all around the country. A PAC leader, Kgosana led a peaceful march of 30 000 from Langa to the centre of cape town to protest against what happened in Sharpeville. He led the protesters peacefully back to the townships in return for a meeting with the minister of justice. When he returned for the promised meeting, he was arrested.
What did the government do to attempt to stop the protests against the actions at Sharpeville
They declared a state of emergency.
What did the government do with the state of emergency
It outlawed the ANC and the PAC under the Unlawful Organisations Act it arrested and detained thousands of its opponents. It was determined to crush all resistance
How did the Sharpeville massacre affect the ANC and the PAC
Now that they were banned, they had to rethink their strategy. They had only used peaceful methods of protest, which the police had crushed with violence, so they decided on the strategy of armed resistance.
What did the ANC and the PAC do before hey were banned
They sent representatives across the border. Oliver Tambo was one of the representatives from the ANC who crossed over to Zambia. Tambo set up an ANC headquarters in exile. Other leaders started to work underground in South Africa.
What’s was the ANC’s armed wing
Umkhonto we sizwe- the pear of the nation. MK
Why did the ANC establish MK
To conduct a sabotage campaign and prepare for guerrilla warfare.
Who did MK target
They targeted government instillations, such as power lines to force the government to negotiate with the ANC. They avoided targets that would cause bloodshed and endanger civilians.
Wha was the name of the PAC’s armed wing
Poqo- standing alone
Where were most of poqo’s supporters from
Transkei and western cape
What was the aim of Poqo
To bring about a mass uprising by black people in South Africa.
Who did Poqo target
They targeted chiefs and headmen that were accused of working with the government. Several of them were assassinated
Where did Poqo set up headquarters
In Lesotho
When did Poqo plan a countrywide uprising in South Africa
In April 1963
What was the government doing while the ANC and the PAC were launching their campaigns
They were working to uncover and destroy the armed wings of the ANC and the PAC. The government increased its power by introducing even harsher security laws such as the General Laws Amendment Act
General Laws Amendment Act
Allowed the government to detain people without a trial. This helped to get rid of the leaders
What happened to Poqo’s plans of a massive uprising
They were uncovered and over 3000 Poqo members were arrested and imprisoned
Where were the secret headquarters of MK
At Lilliesleaf Farm in Rivonia
What happened to MK in July
The police launched a raid on the farm and arrester almost the entire leadership of Poqo
