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CAPS > Russia > Flashcards

Russia Flashcards

1
Q

First revolution 1905

A

VI. First Revolution (1905);
|—> Increasing political and economic discontent;
|—> Defeat against Japan (1904-1905);
|—> Establishment of Duma (with limited powers);

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2
Q

1917 February revolution

A

February Revolution (1917);
|—> Discontent with Tsarist rule;
|—> Suffering from WW1;
|—> Liberals take power, but continue the war;

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3
Q

October revolution 1917

A

|—> Bolsheviks and Lenin seize power;
|—> Take Russia out of the war;
|—> Establish communist state;

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4
Q

Transition and turbulence in 1990s

A

Chechnya wars 1994-2000
XII. Coup d’état against Gorbatchev (1991);
|
|—> Prevented by Yeltsin;
|—> Dissolution of the Soviet Union;
|—> Foundation of the Russian Federation;
|
XIII.Dissolution of the Soviet Union and creation of the Russian Federation (1991);
XIV.Constitutional crisis (1993);
|
|—> Parliament (former elite) opposes reforms;
|—> Military supports Yeltsin;
|
XV. New Constitution under Yeltsin (1993);
|—> Radical political and economic reforms;

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5
Q

Authoritarian elements

A

|—> Unfair elections;
|—> Harassment and jailing of opponents;
|—> State-controlled media;
|—> No independent media;
|—> Pervasive corruption;
|—> Ban on independent NGOs;

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6
Q

President

A

 Two round majority system
 Entry restrictions
* (100.000 – 300.000 signatures)
 Candidates prohibited from running (Navalny 2018)
 Only once a second round (1996)
- Directly elected in two-round system;
- In 2021, term extended from 4 to 6 years;
- In 2020, term limits count set to zero again;
- Nominates prime-minister and ministers (and some governors);
- Commander-in-chef of armed forces;
- Introduces bills, can issue decrees;
- Veto power for legislation (can be overridden);
- Can dissolve parliament;
- Determines direction of domestic and foreign policies;
- Strong control over individual ministers;

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7
Q

The Duma

A

 450 members, elected for 5 year terms
 Right to approve prime minister(appointed by president)
 No confidence vote against president
* President can ignore first vote of no confidence, second no confidence vote the president cant ignore, but can just dissolve Duma and call for new elections
Passes laws
- Members elected through mixed-member majoritarian system;
- Stronger of the 2 houses;
- Propose and vote legislation;
- Dominated by one party since 2007;

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8
Q

Federation council

A

Representing federal subjects. Rogue judges can be removed by federation council. They confirm judges and are weaker than the Duma.
- 170 members;
- Members elected indirectly by federal subjects (2 per
entity, terms vary);
- Approval needed for taxation and budget, can be
overridden by Duma;
- Approval needed for certain presidential nominations;

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9
Q

United Russia

A

Party of power
* Stability
* Conservatism
* Law and order
* Nationalism

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10
Q

CPRF (succesor of soviet union party)

A
  • State led economy
  • Rejection of capitalism
  • Anti globalization
  • Nationalization
  • Secular/anti religious
  • Soviet nostalgia
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11
Q

LDPR

A
  • Ultranationalism
  • Xenophobia
  • Conservative
  • Militarism
  • Expansionism
  • Mixed economy
  • Populist/far right
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12
Q

A just Russia

A

 Founded in 2006 as a social democratic party
 Created by kremlin according to observers
 2011 duma elections 13% of votes
• Briefly more critical towards Putin
 2021 merger with For Truth %
 Ideology
• Welfare state
• Soft market economy
• Social democracy
 “Systemic opposition”

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13
Q

Russia of the future

A
  • Centrism
  • Liberalism (lgbt rights)
  • Environmentalism
  • Social democracy
  • Pro European
    Liberal/anti system
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14
Q

Constitutional court

A

 19 members nominated by president and approved by federation council
 12 year terms
 Federation council can remove a judge
 Exists on paper and doesn’t really play a role
- Branched judiciary judging based on codified law;
- Constitutional court (19 judges nominated by the president, to be approved by the
Federation Council);
- Frequent accusations of corruption;

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15
Q

Federalism

A
  • Federal subjects were sometimes strongest powers against Putin
  • Federal districts created in order to strengthen grip of regime on federal subjects
  • 85 entities (provinces, republics, territories, districts, cities);
    |
    |—> Asymmetric federalism: different (limited powers);
    |—> Competitive federalism (competition between entities and state);
    |—> Increasing influence of the President;
  • 8 federal districts created in 2000:
    |
    |—> “facilitate coordination between entities”;
    |—> increase presidential control (appoints district envoy);
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16
Q

Russia’s special path

A

 Term used by political elites to legitimize political system and foreign policy
 Emphasis on Russian exceptionalism and morality
* Comparisons with American exceptionalism
 Sovereign democracy: focus on order and stability
 Rejection of western values
 Restoration of superpower status
 Reorientation towards (central) Asia

17
Q

Snow revolution

A

 Mass demonstration
 Ended in invasion of Crimea
 Really bad for Putin’s regime

18
Q

2020 constitutional referendum

A

Superiority of domestic constitutional law over International treaties;
- Limit the number of presidencies to 2 in total (but it settled the counter to 0 for past or
current office holders);
- Duma needs to approve prime-minister and government;
- Preventing citizens with foreign citizenship or residency to hold state offices;
- Russia is the successor of USSR;
- Truth in god ideology;
- Russian as language of state-forming nation (part of multinational union);
- Wedlock as a union between a man and a woman (and not
same sexes);
- Minimum wage;
- Pension indexation;
|
|—> All this elements of the constitution were voted in a Yes/No vote to accept or not the
entire constitution;

19
Q

Voorkennis

A

Russia is the largest country in the world and one of the most populated
countries. This country has suffered a lot of territory conflict over the
years.

20
Q

Cleavages

A
  • Difficult to politicise in the absence of fair and free elections;
  • Religious cleavage: put aside by revolution;
  • Class cleavage: revolution and communism (state centralisation
    instead of democratisation for working class);
  • Ethnic cleavage (overlap with centre-periphery cleavage);
21
Q

Democracy vs authoritarianism

A
  • 1990s: political liberalisation;
  • Early 2000s: hybrid regime (since 2007 - one-party/person dominance);
  • Since 2020 referendum, the regime became more authoritarian;
22
Q

Presidential elections

A
  • Majoritarian run-off (two rounds);
    |
    |—> Round 1: all candidates (absolute majority wins - if not, round 2);
    |—> Round 2: two candidates with most votes round 1 (absolute majority wins);
  • Entry restrictions: proposed by a party represented in Duma or 1/3 of federal legislatures; 300
    000 signatures; candidates prohibited from running;
  • Only once a second round;
22
Q

Semi-presidentialism and federalism

A
  • Origins in new 1993 constitution with strong presidency;
  • 85 federal sub-states entities with varying degrees of power;
  • President directly elected (6 year terms);
  • Parliament (Duma) directly elected;
  • President proposes Prime-minister with approval of Duma;
  • Presidential control over Prime-ministers and ministers;
  • Weak parliamentary control-with dominant presidential party;
  • Strong presidential influence in other national and regional institutions;
23
Q

Duma elections

A
  • Frequent system change: first past the post —> mixed-member majoritarian —> List-PR;
  • Since 2016: Mixed member majoritarian;
    |
    |—> Also called “parallel voting”;
    |—> Two votes (like in Germany): one national vote - 225 seats (PR among
    | parties across regions); one district vote - 225 SMD seats (plurality wins);
    |—> Majoritarian (not PR) because there are no PR compensation seats;
    |—> 5% threshold on national votes;
24
Q

Regime legitimation

A
  • Huntington (1991) - strategies of legitimation;
    |
    |—> Democracy - input legitimacy (elections);
    |—> Authoritarianism - output legitimacy (performance);
  • Soviet Union: ideological legitimation, later economic performance;
  • Democratic legitimation strategies in the face of crisis;
  • Putin’s Russia: order and stability; personal leadership and charisma; nationalism and “external
    threats”;
25
Q

Cooptation of oligarchs

A
  • Privatisation and rise of oligarchs (1990s);
  • Oligarchs crucial to Yeltsin’s reelection (1996);
  • Putin fights the oligarchs and key companies are
    nationalised (2000-2004);
    |
    |—> Creation of new patronage networks (after 2004);

CAPS (10 decks)

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