Runco (2023) Flashcards
Study’s aim
Proposes additions to the standard definition of creativity (SDC), which point to surprise, value, authenticity, and intentionality. The last two are most useful in distinguishing human from artificial creativity
Artificial creativity
Can be contrasted with pseudo-creativity as well as human creativity. It may be the best way to describe the output from AI. Even when it is original and effective, it lacks the authenticity and intentionality that is apparent in human creativity
Standard Definition of Creativity (SDC)
Points to two requirements for creativity; originality and effectiveness
Originality
May be novelty
Effectiveness
May be utility, appropriateness, or fit
Authenticity
Implies that what is expressed is true and accurate. Creativity and authenticity are inextricable. Adding it to SDC would broaden its applicability (across cultures). The most compelling aspect of authenticity is the fact that it is impossible for AI
AI output
Either identical to what it finds or derivative of what already exists. This constraints or precludes originality
Emergence
Occurs when a complex idea arises from something simple. The outcome is not a linear function of what existed before; it is truly new. This concept has also been used to describe human creativity. There have been claims this also applies to AI output. However, these were merely mirages
Mirages
Used to describe AI output which seems to be original but actually is not
Human creativity
Often involves problem finding. AI can find original problems, but it would need to be programmed to do so. Humans can find, define, and redefine problems in a creative fashion. They often initiate this process for themselves
Intention
Necessary for positive creativity. Educators may support intentions that lead to positive creativity
Positive creativity
Involves problem solving and problem finding
Deviation amplification
Used by creators who find a promising idea and alter it slightly, again and again, in order to fully understand it. It is an intentional tactic used to support creative thinking. Tactics depend on intentionality
Two-tier model of the creative process
Describes problem finding, idea generation, and evaluation as stages on a primary tier, and information and motivation as a second tier and influences on the primary tier. AI can generate ideas which are based on existing information or derived from it so may assist with one of the primary components
Scientific principle of parsimony
Consistent with the idea that AI is not creative because it lacks authenticity and intentionality
Pseudo-creativity
Can be used to describe the seemingly creative output from machines. This conveys that the machine output is not authentic
