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Animal Nutrition > Ruminants > Flashcards

Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

The reticulum and rumen do/do not have secretory glands

A

Do not

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2
Q

Which part of the ruminant stomach is called the “honeycomb”

A

Reticulum

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3
Q

What are the four parts to a ruminant stomach

A

Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

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4
Q

Which part of the stomach is the “true” stomach

A

Abomasum

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5
Q

In horses, microbial fermentation is ______ the small intestine

A

Behind

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6
Q

In cows, microbial fermentation is ________ of the small intestine

A

In front

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7
Q

Which part of the ruminant stomach is the largest

A

Rumen

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8
Q

The omasum can be called

A

Many plies

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9
Q

What is the primary function of the omasum

A

Remove water

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10
Q

What is the name for the opening at the bottom of the esophagus

A

Reticular or esophageal groove

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11
Q

What kind if fermentation happens in the rumen

A

Anaerobic

No oxygen

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12
Q

The pH of the reticulo-rumen is

A

Neutral

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13
Q

The microorganisms in the rumen are primarily

A

Protozoa and bacteria

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14
Q

The actions of the reticulo-rumen produce
1.
2.
3.

A

CH4
H2
CO2

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15
Q

To switch diets it takes around two weeks to go from a ____ diet to a ___ diet

A

Forages

Grain

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16
Q

What is it called when the cow regurgitates chewed food back into the mouth for more chewing, then swallows, over and over

A

Rumination

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17
Q

How long will a cow ruminate

A

7-10.5 hours a day

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18
Q

Saliva is very high in ________ which helps minimize pH changes, acts as a buffer

A

Bicarbonate

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19
Q

These digest feed (particularly cellulose) and provide essential nutrients

A

Microorganisms

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20
Q

How long does feed stay In the rumen for roughage

A

48-52 hours

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21
Q

How long does feed stay in the rumen for grains

A

18-22 hours

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22
Q

_______ ______ is important in allowing feed particles to pass to the omasum.

A

Particle size

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23
Q

Belching =

A

Eructation

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24
Q

The gases _____ and _____ formed in the rumen must be expelled

A

CH4, CO2

25
Q

If a cow doesn’t or can’t belch, ____ happens

A

Bloat

26
Q

What causes bloat

A

Froth (foam) that blocks cardia, the froth is from legumes

27
Q

_______ and ______ are common feedstuffs an animal can eat that may cause Bloat

A

Alfalfa and clover

28
Q

How do you treat bloat

A

Give a surfactant ( corn oil)
Tine down throat, trochar in para lumbar fossa,
Stick in mouth
Feed poloxalene (Bloat guard)

29
Q

T:F

The reticulum, rumen, and omasum are functional at birth

A

False

30
Q

Opening from outside into an inner cavity

A

Fistula

31
Q

Tool that is used to get samples from rumen, intestines, blood, goes into body and part of it is in the outside

A

Cannula

32
Q

_____-_____% of the ruminants daily needs of glucose is absorbed from diet

A

10-15%

33
Q

Ruminants rely almost exclusively on

A

Gluconeogenesis

34
Q

Ruminants have a (positive/ negative ) drop in glucose concentrations across the mesenteric artery

A

Negative

35
Q

Ruminants (do/do not) use glucose for fatty acid synthesis)

A

DO NOT!

36
Q

VFA account for ~70% or more of animals energy needs by …

A

Oxidation of VFA via TCA cycle

Conversion of propionate to glucose, then oxidize glucose

37
Q

Acetate ( extrahepatic/ hepatic) can be used for

A

( extrahepatic)

  1. Energy - oxidized to CO2 via TCA cycle
  2. Body fat synthesis
  3. Milk fat synthesis during lactation
38
Q

Propionate ( extrahepatic/ hepatic)
Does it leave liver?
Can be used for

A 
Hepatic 
Very little leaves liver
1 energy -( minor, used only by liver) 
2 glucose synthesis ( gluconeogenesis ) 
3 synthesis of certain amino acids

NOT used for fat synthesis

39
Q

Butyrate ( extrahepatic/ hepatic)
Converted to ___________, which is a ________ _______.
Can be used for

A 
Extra hepatic 
B- hydroxybutyrate 
Ketone body 
1. Energy - oxidized to CO2 via TCA cycle 
2. Body fat synthesis 
3. Milk fat synthesis during lactation
40
Q

What three B vitamins help convert propionate to succinyl CoA

A
  1. Pantothenic acid
  2. Biotin ( carboxylation)
  3. B12 (cobalamin)
41
Q

Fatty acid synthesis takes place in the

A

Cytosol

42
Q

Acetyl CoA is formed in the

A

Mitochondria

43
Q

Ruminants don’t have ______ _______or ________ _______ (very small amounts) so acetyl CoA doesn’t have the option to leave mitochondria

A

Citrate lyase

Malic enzyme

44
Q

___% protein (nitrogen) escapes microbial fermentation in the rumen

A

40%

45
Q

what two things control the amount of microbial fermentation of N (protein )

A
  1. amount of ammonia

2. amount of energy

46
Q

what are the two sources of rumen nitrogen

A 
Feed
Endogenous (recycled) Nitrogen
47
Q

the two types of nitrogen in feed

A 
protein nitrogen 
nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) (urea)
48
Q

what two places in a ruminant recycle nitrogen

A

saliva

rumen wall

49
Q

microorganism _______ and _______ cleave peptide bonds and release AA

A

Proteases and Peptidases

50
Q

AA deaminated by ______, releasing _____ and C-Skeleton

A

microbes

NH3

51
Q

microorganisms use ______, _______ and _______ to synthesize their own AA.

A

NH3
C-skeleton
energy

52
Q

where does the energy for synthesizing AA come from

A

Energy primarily from CHO’s (starch, cellulose)

53
Q

formation of NH3 is rapid, very few ____ ___ in the rumen

A

free AA

54
Q

Urea (and most sources of NPN) are rapidly degraded to ____

A

NH3

55
Q

Liver : NH3 –> _____

A

Urea

56
Q

escape protein is also called

A

bypass protein

57
Q

Escaped protein enters the ______ and _________, where it is digested by ________ _____ similar to nonruminants

A

Abomasum,
small intestine
proteolytic enzymes

58
Q

ruminants can be productive without a source of _____ ______ ______

A

true dietary protein

59
Q

to maximise efficiency of microbial protein synthesis form ammonia, ______ ______ must be present

A

available energy

Animal Nutrition (8 decks)

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