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Animal Nutrition > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

0
Q

What does the cardiac gland region of the stomach secrete?

A

Mucus

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1
Q

What are the four regions of the stomach?

A
  • cuticular region
  • cardiac gland region
  • fundic gland region
  • pyloric gland region
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2
Q

What does the fundic gland region of the stomach secrete?

A
  • HCl
  • digestive enzymes (pepsin)
  • mucus
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3
Q

What does the pyloric region of the stomach secrete?

A

Mucus

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4
Q

What does the cuticular region of the stomach secrete?

A

Nothing (non glandular)

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5
Q

What is the opening of the stomach?

A

Cardia

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6
Q

What is the outlet of the stomach?

A

Pyloris

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7
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

Enzymes (pepsin)

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8
Q

Mucous neck cells secrete

A

Mucus

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9
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

HCl

Intrinsic factor

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10
Q

Enterokinase is secreted from

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

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11
Q

Regulates the removal of waste

A

Anus

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12
Q

Cats require what extra amino acid

A

Taurine

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13
Q

What breed of dog requires taurine

A

Dalmatians

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14
Q

These two amino acids are required while young, but not so much as an adult

A

Histidine and Arginine

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15
Q

What are the ten essential amino acids

A
  1. Phenylalanine
  2. Valine
  3. Threonine
  4. Tryptophan
  5. Isoleucine
  6. Methionine
  7. Histidine
  8. Arginine
  9. Lysine
  10. Leucine
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16
Q

Glucose + glucose

A

Maltose

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17
Q

Glucose + galactose

A

Lactose

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18
Q

Glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

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19
Q

Milk sugar

A

Lactose

Glucose + galactose

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20
Q

Table sugar

A

Sucrose

Glucose + fructose

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21
Q

Primary simple sugar

A

Glucose

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22
Q

Pepsinogen + HCl =

A

Pepsin

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23
Q

What activates pepsin

A

HCl

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24
Q

First limiting amino acid

A

Lysine

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25
Q

Amylase

A

Hydrolyzes a-1,4 glucosidic bonds, forms maltose, cannot hydrolyze a-1,6 glucosidic bond. Primary end products = maltose and limit dextrin

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26
Q

Young animals absorb ________proteins.

2 ex:

A

Intact

  1. Colostrum
  2. Immunoglobulins
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27
Q

Pepsin is secreted from

A

Chief cells of the fundic gland region of the stomach

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28
Q

GLUT 5 is a ________ transporter

A

Fructose

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29
Q

GLUT ___ is high priority. It gets glucose before anything else.

A

GLUT 1

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30
Q

Contractile proteins have ______&________ in muscle

A

Actin & myosin

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31
Q

Of the human glucose transporters, _________ is regulated

A

GLUT 4

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32
Q

Primary dry matter constituent of body organs

A

Protein

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33
Q

Lysine has ____- amino group

A

E- amino group

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34
Q

Proteins are _________ to amino acids

A

Hydrolyzed

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35
Q

Produces bile continuously

A

Liver

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36
Q

An important secretion needed for lipid digestion, emulsified fats, from an accessory digestive organ

A

Bile

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37
Q

Glucose

A

Free in blood, required by nervous system and RBCs, key sugar in CHO metabolism

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38
Q

Two examples of starch

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

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39
Q

Amylose has ______________bonds

A

a-1,4 glucosidic bonds

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40
Q

Straight, unbranched chain on glucose units

a-1,4 glucosidic bonds

A

Amylose

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41
Q

Amylopectin has _______________bonds

A

a-1,6 glucosidic bonds

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42
Q

Branched chains of glucose units every 24-30 units.

a-1,6 glucosidic units

A

Amylopectin

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43
Q

Amino peptidases, dipeptidases, tripeptidases, are secreted from

A

Brush border of villi epithelial cells

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44
Q

Similar to starch, branch points every 8-12 units

In liver an muscle

A

Glycogen

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45
Q

Casein + rennin + Ca

A

Ca- paracaseinate

Coagulated

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46
Q

Major component of plant cell walls, straight unbranched chain of glucose unit
B- 1,4 glucosidic bonds

A

Cellulose

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47
Q

Cellulose has ______________bonds

A

B- 1,4 glucosidic bonds

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48
Q

The body preserves muscle _______ in case you need it in an emergency

A

Glycogen

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49
Q

3 major classes of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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50
Q

Mammals don’t have the digestive enzymes to digest

A

Cellulose

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51
Q

All human glucose transporters are constitutive except

A

GLUT 4

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52
Q

Peptidases start digesting proteins from the

A

N terminal end of peptides

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53
Q

Amino acids are linked together with

A

Peptide bonds

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54
Q

These release a mixture of water, mucin, ad enzymes

A

Salivary glands

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55
Q

Dailey intake requirements of protein only reflect the ____ _____ of amino acids

A

Net needs

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56
Q

Major site of expression: erythrocytes (humans), blood-brain barrier, placenta, fetal tissues on general

A

GLUT 1

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57
Q

Work and exercise ______ increase protein requirements

A

Do not

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58
Q

Test to make sure lysine is available

A

Carpenters available lysine test

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59
Q

Growth depression caused by excess amounts of naturally occurring amino acids that can be corrected by addition of STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR amino acids

A

Antagonism

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60
Q

Work and exercise increases _______ rate

A

Turnover rate ( of muscle)

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61
Q

% of absorbed N that is retained or utilized by the animal

Widely used method of expressing protein quality

A

Biological value (BV)

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62
Q

Tertiary protein structure is made stable by two types of bonds

A
  1. H-bonds

2. Disulfide bonds

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63
Q

Major sites of expression: endoplasmic recticulum of hepatocytes
Important in gluconeogenesis

A

GLUT 7

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64
Q

” disease the first child gets when the new child comes”
Edema
Fatty liver
From Ghana

A

Kwashiorkor

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65
Q

Major sites of expression : brown and white adipocytes, heart and skeletal muscle

A

GLUT 4

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66
Q

Major sites of expression for : liver, pancreatic B-cell, kidneys , small intestine (serosal surface )

A

GLUT 2

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67
Q

Amino acid absorption happens where

A

Jejunum of small intestine

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68
Q

Seldom found free in nature, important in structure of brain and nervous tissue

A

Galactose

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69
Q

3 examples of Hexoses

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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70
Q

P.E.M. =

A

Protein energy malnutrition

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71
Q

SGLT=

A

Sodium dependent glucose transporter 1

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72
Q

This is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum for carbohydrate digestion

A

Pancreatic Amylase

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73
Q

Skin and bones appearance

A

Marasmus

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74
Q

Muscle contractions mix food with acid and enzymes, causing the chemical and physical breakdown of food into chyme

A

Stomach

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75
Q

Methionine –> _____

_______ –/–> methionine

A

Cysteine

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76
Q

Receives and prepares undigested food to be eliminated from the body and feces

A

Large intestine

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77
Q

This hormone increases blood glucose concentration

A

Glucagon

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78
Q

This hormone decreases blood glucose concentration

A

Insulin

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79
Q

2 endopeptidases

A

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

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80
Q

Releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes acid chyme and contains enzymes needed for CHO, protein and lipid digestion

A

Pancreas

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81
Q

The gall bladder dumps bike into the

A

Duodenum of the SI

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82
Q

Bile salts ___________ fats to give them a larger surface area

A

Emulsify

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83
Q

Proenzymes or inactive enzymes, which must be chemically altered to function as an enzyme

A

Zymogens

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84
Q

Pepsin is secreted by

A

Chief cells

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85
Q

3 proteolytic enzymes

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

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86
Q

Usual order of rate limiting amino acid in grains

A
  1. Lysine
  2. Threonine
  3. Tryptophan
  4. Methionine
  5. Isoleucine
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87
Q

Intrinsic factor is secreted by

A

Parietal cells

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88
Q

Major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption

A

Small intestine

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89
Q

Blood that serves the entire system

A

Systemic blood

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90
Q

Cysteine has a _______ ________ on the methionine requirement

A

Sparing effect

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91
Q

5 primary digestive enzymes in the brush border

A 
Maltase
Isomaltase 
Sucrase 
Lactase 
a-dextrinase
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92
Q

Bile salts are _____ soluble

A

Water

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93
Q

Bile is formed from

A

Cholesterol

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94
Q

Protein quality refers to the

A

Balance of amino acids to meet the needs of the animal

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95
Q

Stores and releases bile

A

Gall bladder

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96
Q

Starch is the major carbohydrate in

A

Grains

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97
Q

The major carbohydrate in grain is

A

Starch

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98
Q

2 examples of pentoses

A

Xylose

Ribose

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99
Q

Where is elastin found

A

Circulatory system

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100
Q

_____can basically be absorbed along the whole digestive tract

A

VFA

Volatile fatty acids

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101
Q

Animal can perform no better that that allowed by the _____ amount relative to the requirement

A

Lowest

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102
Q

CHO class with 2-10 monosaccharides

A

Oligosaccharides

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103
Q

Important monosaccharides, small amount in plants, undulant on polymers
Not digested very well

A

Pentoses

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104
Q

Major site of expression: brain (neurons)

A

GLUT 3

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105
Q

Origin of gastrin

A

Pyloric region of stomach or abomasum

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106
Q

Trypsin is secreted as

A

Trypsinogen

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107
Q

Membrane transport created by channel proteins

A

Diffusion through channels

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108
Q

Pancreatic secretions contain bicarbonate to neutralize

A

Stomach acid

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109
Q

Releasing mechanism for gastrin

A

Food in stomach

- caffeine, protein, spices

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110
Q

Glucose concentration in the cell is ______ than the SI

A

Greater

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111
Q

Which type of monosaccharide is mostly found in metabolic pathways (glycolysis)
Not often free in nature

A

Trioses

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112
Q

The enzyme that hydrolyzes fats and fatty acids and monoglycerides
Major enzyme in fat digestion

A

Pancreatic lipase

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113
Q

Origin of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

A

Duodenum, jejunum

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114
Q

Which hormone has the function of insulin release, inhibit gastric secretion, and mobility

A

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

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115
Q

Bile consists of

A 
Bile salts 
Bilirubin 
Lecithin 
Fatty acids 
Cholesterol
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116
Q

Brunner’s glands neutralize

A

Acid chyme

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117
Q

Bile salts and acids, vitamin C, B12, D, K, and magnesium are absorbed where

A

Ileum of SI

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118
Q

Lipids, monosaccharides , amino acids, small peptides are absorbed where

A

Jejunum

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119
Q

These aid in fat emulsification

A

Brunner’s glands

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120
Q

Enterokinase activates

A

Trypsin

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121
Q

Why does lysine have the highest dietary amino acid requirement

A

Highest concentration in muscle

GLU glutamine is actually greatest but it can be synthesized

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122
Q

Where is keratin protein found

A

Hair, nails, wool, feathers

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123
Q

Proteolytic enzymes are secreted from the

A

Pancreas

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124
Q

Part of cell walls of plants , very poorly digested. Xylose units (5C)
B- 1,4 glucosidic bonds

A

Hemicellulose

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125
Q

Hemicellulose has _____________ bonds

A

B -1,4 glucosidic

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126
Q

Gastric protease

A

Pretoria digestion in the stomach

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127
Q

3 metabolically important oligosaccharides

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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128
Q

Glucose in SI –> insulin release and inhibit gastric secretion and mobility

A

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

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129
Q

___________ _____________ hydrolyzes starch to maltose

A

Pancreatic amylase

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130
Q

Primary enzyme for starch digestion

A

Pancreatic amylase

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131
Q

Pancreatic amylase is the major enzyme for

A

Starch digestion

132
Q

“____________” at physiological pH

A

Zwitterion

133
Q

Origin of hormone secretin

A

Duodenum and jejunum

134
Q

Two bile salts

A

Cholic acid

Chenodeoxycholic acid

135
Q

Cholic acid

Chenodeoxycholic acid

A

Bile salts

136
Q

These produce hormones

- released into blood to maintain blood glucose levels

A

Islets of langerhans

137
Q

Bile is (acidic/basic)

A

Basic

138
Q

Both polar and non polar regions, part hydrophobic, part hydrophilic

A

Amphipathic

139
Q

What are the needs met by blood glucose

A

Liver glycogen
Muscle glycogen
Tissue oxidation
Fat formation

140
Q

Carrier proteins act as _____ that use energy to love ions and molecules

A

Pumps

141
Q

Product of hemoglobin breakdown

A

Bilirubin

142
Q

Primary bile pigment

A

Yellow

143
Q

Within _______min after absorption, amino acids move from gut to where they are used for _______ _________.

A

5-10

Protein synthesis

144
Q

Where is collagen found

A

Bones, teeth, cartilage, skin, tendons

145
Q

Origin of cholecystokinin

A

Duodenum, jejunum

146
Q

> _____ amino acids occur in nature

A

200

147
Q

If amino acids aren’t needed for protein synthesis, then they are

A

Deaminated

148
Q

Portal blood is also called

A

Portal drained Viscera

149
Q

Emulsifies fats
Neutralizes acid
Excretes cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins, drugs, toxins

A

Bile

150
Q

Functional categories of proteins

A 
Structural
Hormonal
Enzymes 
Immune system 
Transport within the body
151
Q

Glucose concentration in the blood is ______ than the cell

A

Less

152
Q

Once deaminated, amino acids are used for _____ or converted to _____

A

Energy

Fats

153
Q

All the blood flow from the intestines goes through the

A

Liver

154
Q

Only ________ amino acids commonly found in most proteins

A

20-22

155
Q

Which mechanism of absorption require transport proteins

A

Facilitated transport

Active transport

156
Q

4 metabolically important polysaccharides

A

Starch
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Glycogen

157
Q

Trypsinogen —-?—>trypsin

A

Enterokinase

158
Q

Diet protein + pepsin —->

A

Long chain polypeptides

159
Q

Protein structure with grouping of several tertiary units

A

Quaternary

160
Q

Component of ATP, ADP, RNA, DNA

A

Ribose

161
Q

Denature

A

Breaking apart a protein

162
Q

Rennin is located

A

Abomasum of a nursing calf

163
Q

Monosaccharides with 6 carbons

A

Hexoses

164
Q

Prorennin –?–> rennin

A

HCl

165
Q

Glucose is located in ______ within the body

A

Blood

166
Q

Glycogen is stored in the _______ and _________ within the body

A

Liver

Muscle

167
Q

Major supplier of energy

A

Carbohydrates

168
Q

Major carbohydrate in grain

A

Starch

169
Q

Major carbohydrate in forages

A

Cellulose

170
Q

Carbohydrates make up _______% of the body

A

<1%

171
Q

CHO class with 1 sugar molecule

A

Monosaccharides

172
Q

Monosaccharide with Three carbons

A

Trioses

173
Q

The only glucose transporter insulin is required for

A

GLUT 4

174
Q

Pepsinogen —?–> pepsin

A

HCl

175
Q

Protein requirements as a % of diets ( decreases / increases) over time

A

Decreases

176
Q

Monosaccharides with 5 carbons

A

Pentoses

177
Q

Usually associated with poorly digested material ( corn cobs, oat hulls)

A

Xylose

178
Q

Protein required in grams / day ( increases/ decreases) over time

A

Increases

179
Q

Protein pellets stimulate

A

Rumen micro organisms

180
Q

All proteins are made up of simple units called

A

Amino acids

181
Q

In seminal fluid

Found in fruits and honey

A

Fructose

182
Q

Crypts of Lieberkühn secrete

A

Enterokinase

183
Q

Proteins always contain ___- a amino acids

A

L

184
Q

Trypsin, once formed, is

A

Autocatalytic

185
Q

Almost all enzymes are

A

Proteins

186
Q

Ion with acidic pH

A

Cation

187
Q

Antibodies are

A

Proteins

188
Q

Protein structure with
Folding of polypeptide chains
Stabilized by disulfide bonds, H - bonds

A

Tertiary

189
Q

3 proteolytic enzymes

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

190
Q

Chymotrypsinogen–?–>chymotrypsin

A

Trypsin

191
Q

Procarboxypeptidase–?–>carboxypeptidase

A

Trypsin

192
Q

There is no storage pool of _______ in the body

A

Amino acids

193
Q

Ion with basic pH

A

Anion

194
Q

Protein structure with peptide bonds

A

Primary

195
Q

Essential amino acids called

A

Indispensable

196
Q

Amino acids that cannot to synthesized by the body

A

Essential amino acids

197
Q

Protein structure with a-helix stabilized by H-bond b/t (CO) and (NH)

A

Secondary

198
Q

Chicks require

A

Proline and glycine

199
Q

NRC based off of _____ and ____ diets

A

Corn and SBM

200
Q

Indispensable amino acid present in the least amount relative to the requirement

A

First limiting amino acid

201
Q

Indispensable amino acid present in the second least amount relative to the requirement

A

Second limiting amino acid

202
Q

Protein whose amino acid balance more nearly approximates the needs of the animal

A

High quality

203
Q

Measure of protein quality

A

Biological value

204
Q

High quality proteins are generally of _______ origin

Except: ________ (no _______)

A

Animal

Gelatin

Tryptophan

205
Q

Found in greatest amount of any nutrient, except water, in all living organisms

A

Protein

206
Q

Main source of energy for animals

A

Carbohydrates

207
Q

About ____% of bike salts are reabsorbed (ileum) and recycled back to gall bladder

A

94

208
Q

Low or lacking in one or more indispensable amino acids

A

Low quality

209
Q

CHO class with 100-1000+ monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

210
Q

Beta cells produce

A

Insulin

211
Q

Alpha cells produce

A

Glucagon

212
Q

Does any absorption happen in the mouth

A

No

213
Q

Does any absorption happen in the esophagus

A

No

214
Q

T/F: the large intestine has no digestive secretions

A

True

215
Q

Autocatalytic means what

A

Trypsin can activate trypsinogen

216
Q

Keeps droplets of fat together

A

Lecithin

217
Q

Droplets are called

A

Micelles

218
Q

This animal doesn’t have a gall bladder

A

Horse

219
Q

Liver makes this continuously

A

Bile

220
Q

Why are the two types of tissues in the pancreas

A

Acinar

Islets of langerhans

221
Q

Carboxypeptidase is a

A

Exopeptidase

222
Q

Perfect amino acid balance would equal

A

~7-8%CP

223
Q

What absorption happens in a simple stomach

A 
Essentially none 
( water, alcohol, some minerals )
224
Q

Produce pancreatic secretions, the bulk of the pancreas

A

Acinar

225
Q

Bile is stored and concentrated in the

A

Gall bladder

226
Q

The 3 types of mechanisms of absorption

A

Passive transport
Facilitated transport
Active transport

227
Q

Bike empties into the small intestine when digesta (ESP fat) enters from

A

The stomach

228
Q

What absorption happens in the large intestine

A

Water, some minerals

229
Q

Most molecules ________ cross membrane by simple diffusion

A

Cannot

230
Q

This system emptied into the blood stream through thoracic duct ( by passes liver)

A

Lymphatic system

231
Q

Membrane transport through lipid bilayer

A

Simple diffusion

232
Q

Membrane transport that involves a specific carrier protein

A

Facilitated diffusion

233
Q

Membrane transport that involves a specific carrier protein plus energy

A

Active transport

234
Q

Diffusion of water across a membrane

A

Osmosis

235
Q

Water, alcohol, copper, iodine, fluoride, molybdenum are absorbed where

A

Stomach

236
Q

Carrier proteins _______ _______ when molecules attach to them

A

Change shape

237
Q

Molecules move up a concentration gradient

A

Active transport

238
Q

After glucose goes into blood, what three things can happen

A
  1. Energy production
  2. Muscle glycogen
  3. Fat synthesis
239
Q

What triggers pancreatic secretions

A

Fat and protein “products “ in the small intestine

240
Q

Amino acids move to cells that secrete

A

Enzymes and hormones

241
Q

What absorption happens in a ruminant stomach

A

Absorption of VFA, NH3, gases and some AA

242
Q

Releasing mechanism for cholecystokinin

A

Fat, fatty acids, polypeptides in duodenum

243
Q

Releasing mechanism for secretin

A

Acid chyme

Large polypeptides

244
Q

Function of secretin

A

Secretion of pancreatic juice, reduce gastric motility

245
Q

Decrease in pH in duedenum–> secrete pancreatic secretions (bicarbonate)

A

Secretin

246
Q

Fat and amino acids in duodenum –> bile and pancreatic enzymes

A

Cholecystokinin

247
Q

What hormone has the function of stimulating flow of stomach acid and enzymes

A

Gastrin

248
Q

Water, vitamin K, biotin, sodium, chloride, potassium a short changing fatty acids are absorbed

A

Large intestine

249
Q

Releasing mechanism for gastric inhibitory polypeptide

A

Glucose in duodenum

Fats, fatty acids, bile in duodenum

250
Q

Major sites of expression: small intestine ( mucosal surface)

A

GLUT 5

251
Q

What triggers HCl secretion

A

Stomach distention

252
Q

Function of cholecystokinin

A

Bile flow, synthesis if pancreatic juice and enzymes

253
Q

What happens after you eat

A

Dietary glucose enters blood
Some glucose use by liver to replenish liver glycogen supply.
Other glucose goes to muscle and other extra hepatic tissues :blood

254
Q

Five digestive enzymes from the pancreas

A
  1. Proteolytic enzymes
  2. Pancreatic amylase
  3. Pancreatic lipase
  4. Cholesterol esterase
  5. Phospholipase
255
Q

Three types of fibrous proteins

A

Collagen
Elastin
Keratin

256
Q

Presence of food in stomach –> HCl and pepsin

A

Gastrin

257
Q

Fermentation is _______________the small intestine in horses and rabbits

A

Behind / after

258
Q

The pH in the mouth

A

Neutral

259
Q

Account for 75% of dry weight of plants

A

Carbohydrates

260
Q

First part of large intestine

A

Cecum

261
Q

The cecum is very large in what animal

What is digested there

A

Horses

Forages

262
Q

Alimentary organs

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and Anis

263
Q

____activates pepsinogen and pro rennin
Denatures dietary proteins
Stomach antiseptic
Stops action of salivary amylase

A

HCl

264
Q

HCl

A

_activates pepsinogen and pro rennin
Denatures dietary proteins
Stomach antiseptic
Stops action of salivary amylase

265
Q

Pepsin works at what pH

A

Acidic

266
Q

Gastric glands are sometimes referred to as

A

Oxyntic glands

267
Q

Rennin is located

A

Abomasum of nursing calf

268
Q

The microbiology can also be called

A

The brush border

269
Q

The gastric glands are located in the

A

Stomach

270
Q

The ______ and ______ connect to the digestive Tract and are essential

A

Liver and pancreas

271
Q

The pair of salivary glands below the ear

A

Parotid glands

272
Q

The pair of salivary glands at the base of the mandible

A

Submaxillary glands

273
Q

Salivary amylase is produced by

A

Parotid glands

274
Q

Salivary amylase is a _________ digesting enzyme

A

Starch

275
Q

Three parts to small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

276
Q

The pancreas dumps enzymes into the

A

Duodenum

277
Q

The inner lining of the intestinal tract, next to the lumen

A

Mucosa

278
Q

The connective tissue next to the mucosa

A

Submucosa

279
Q

Which muscle layer causes peristaltic movements, or “squeeze”

A

Circular

280
Q

Which muscle layer aids peristaltic movement

A

Longitudinal

281
Q

The connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lacteals ( lymph) and nerves

A

Submucosa

282
Q

Cecum of ______ and _____ is enlarged

A

Horse and rabbit

283
Q

Microbial fermentation permits the utilization of

A

Forages

284
Q

The pH of the stomach is

A

Acidic

285
Q

Salivary amylase is secreted by what two species

A

Man and pig

286
Q

Paste formed by food produced/ processed by the stomach

A

Chyme

287
Q

The layer of the wall of the intestinal tract that has two muscle layers and also contains nerves

A

Muscularis

288
Q

The region of the stomach next to the duodenum

A

Pyloric region

289
Q

Water removal and the formation of feces

A

Large intestine

290
Q

The area between the villi at the base

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

291
Q

Only significant secretion in the large intestine

A

Mucus

292
Q

Rennin does what to casein

A

Coagulates

293
Q

In ruminants, fermentation is ___________ of the small intestine

A

In front

294
Q

The opening of the stomach

A

Cardia

295
Q

Outlet of the stomach

A

Pyloris

296
Q

Starch + salivary amylase

A

Maltose and dextrin

297
Q

Salivary amylase is deactivated by this in the stomach

A

HCl

298
Q

Parietal cells produce

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

299
Q

Intrinsic factor is necessary for what vitamin absorption

A

B12

300
Q

Accessory organs

A 
Tongue 
Teeth
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
Gastric glands 
Intestinal glands
301
Q

Smooth outer layer of intestinal tract

A

Serosa

302
Q

Straight chain starch

A

Amylose

303
Q

Highly branched starch

A

Amylopectin

304
Q

Most digestion and absorption occurs

A

Jejunum

305
Q

3 pair of salivary glands

A

Parotid glands
Sub maxillary glands
Sublingual glands

306
Q

Three parts of the large intestine

A

Cecum, colon, rectum

307
Q

In the first few cm of duodenum, in the mucosa/ sub mucosa ,

A

Brunners glands

308
Q

Protease is the enzyme that breaks down i

A

Protein

309
Q

What is the digestive enzyme present in calves

A

Pregastric esterase

310
Q

Pregastric lipase

A

In ruminants
Excreted from beneath the tongue
Aids in milk fat digestion

311
Q

What are the three gastric cells

A

Mucous neck cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells

312
Q

Saliva is ___% water

A

99

313
Q

Thick slimy portion of saliva

A

Mucin

314
Q

Absorption of vitamin B12 occurs where

A

Ileum

315
Q

What do brunner’s glands secrete

A

Viscous alkaline mucus

Basic

316
Q

Function of Brunner’s glands

A

Secretions neutralize acid chyme

Aids in fat emulsification

317
Q

Amylase is secreted from

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

318
Q

Crypts of Lieberkühn secrete

A

Enterokinase
Amylase
Mucus

319
Q

These spilt small peptides into amino acids

A

Peptidases

320
Q

Intracellular enzymes are located

A

On surface or inside epithelial cells (on micro villi) (brush border)

321
Q

Pancreatic secretions

A

Clear fluid, mostly water
Contains digestive enzymes
(Major enzymes in digestion)
Contains bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

322
Q

Amino peptidases are from the

A

Brush border

323
Q

Exopeptidases act on

A 
Carboxyl group (end) 
Releases free amino acids
324
Q

Hydrolyzes fats to fatty acids and monoglycerides

Major enzyme in fat digestion

A

Pancreatic lipase

325
Q

Transport of glucose into the villus epithelial cell is by what kind of transport

A

Active transport

326
Q

Transport across the basolateral surface of the cell (into the blood) is by why kind of transport

A

Facilitated diffusion

327
Q

The digestive process converts all of the dietary CHOs to their constituent monosaccharides by ___________ ________ _______ b/t the sugars

A

Hydrolyzing glucosidic bonds

Animal Nutrition (8 decks)

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