Digestion Flashcards
What does the cardiac gland region of the stomach secrete?
Mucus
What are the four regions of the stomach?
- cuticular region
- cardiac gland region
- fundic gland region
- pyloric gland region
What does the fundic gland region of the stomach secrete?
- HCl
- digestive enzymes (pepsin)
- mucus
What does the pyloric region of the stomach secrete?
Mucus
What does the cuticular region of the stomach secrete?
Nothing (non glandular)
What is the opening of the stomach?
Cardia
What is the outlet of the stomach?
Pyloris
Chief cells secrete
Enzymes (pepsin)
Mucous neck cells secrete
Mucus
Parietal cells secrete
HCl
Intrinsic factor
Enterokinase is secreted from
Crypts of Lieberkühn
Regulates the removal of waste
Anus
Cats require what extra amino acid
Taurine
What breed of dog requires taurine
Dalmatians
These two amino acids are required while young, but not so much as an adult
Histidine and Arginine
What are the ten essential amino acids
- Phenylalanine
- Valine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Isoleucine
- Methionine
- Histidine
- Arginine
- Lysine
- Leucine
Glucose + glucose
Maltose
Glucose + galactose
Lactose
Glucose + fructose
Sucrose
Milk sugar
Lactose
Glucose + galactose
Table sugar
Sucrose
Glucose + fructose
Primary simple sugar
Glucose
Pepsinogen + HCl =
Pepsin
What activates pepsin
HCl
First limiting amino acid
Lysine
Amylase
Hydrolyzes a-1,4 glucosidic bonds, forms maltose, cannot hydrolyze a-1,6 glucosidic bond. Primary end products = maltose and limit dextrin
Young animals absorb ________proteins.
2 ex:
Intact
- Colostrum
- Immunoglobulins
Pepsin is secreted from
Chief cells of the fundic gland region of the stomach
GLUT 5 is a ________ transporter
Fructose
GLUT ___ is high priority. It gets glucose before anything else.
GLUT 1
Contractile proteins have ______&________ in muscle
Actin & myosin
Of the human glucose transporters, _________ is regulated
GLUT 4
Primary dry matter constituent of body organs
Protein
Lysine has ____- amino group
E- amino group
Proteins are _________ to amino acids
Hydrolyzed
Produces bile continuously
Liver
An important secretion needed for lipid digestion, emulsified fats, from an accessory digestive organ
Bile
Glucose
Free in blood, required by nervous system and RBCs, key sugar in CHO metabolism
Two examples of starch
Amylose
Amylopectin
Amylose has ______________bonds
a-1,4 glucosidic bonds
Straight, unbranched chain on glucose units
a-1,4 glucosidic bonds
Amylose
Amylopectin has _______________bonds
a-1,6 glucosidic bonds
Branched chains of glucose units every 24-30 units.
a-1,6 glucosidic units
Amylopectin
Amino peptidases, dipeptidases, tripeptidases, are secreted from
Brush border of villi epithelial cells
Similar to starch, branch points every 8-12 units
In liver an muscle
Glycogen
Casein + rennin + Ca
Ca- paracaseinate
Coagulated
Major component of plant cell walls, straight unbranched chain of glucose unit
B- 1,4 glucosidic bonds
Cellulose
Cellulose has ______________bonds
B- 1,4 glucosidic bonds
The body preserves muscle _______ in case you need it in an emergency
Glycogen
3 major classes of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Mammals don’t have the digestive enzymes to digest
Cellulose
All human glucose transporters are constitutive except
GLUT 4
Peptidases start digesting proteins from the
N terminal end of peptides
Amino acids are linked together with
Peptide bonds
These release a mixture of water, mucin, ad enzymes
Salivary glands
Dailey intake requirements of protein only reflect the ____ _____ of amino acids
Net needs
Major site of expression: erythrocytes (humans), blood-brain barrier, placenta, fetal tissues on general
GLUT 1
Work and exercise ______ increase protein requirements
Do not
Test to make sure lysine is available
Carpenters available lysine test
Growth depression caused by excess amounts of naturally occurring amino acids that can be corrected by addition of STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR amino acids
Antagonism
Work and exercise increases _______ rate
Turnover rate ( of muscle)
% of absorbed N that is retained or utilized by the animal
Widely used method of expressing protein quality
Biological value (BV)
Tertiary protein structure is made stable by two types of bonds
- H-bonds
2. Disulfide bonds
Major sites of expression: endoplasmic recticulum of hepatocytes
Important in gluconeogenesis
GLUT 7
” disease the first child gets when the new child comes”
Edema
Fatty liver
From Ghana
Kwashiorkor
Major sites of expression : brown and white adipocytes, heart and skeletal muscle
GLUT 4
Major sites of expression for : liver, pancreatic B-cell, kidneys , small intestine (serosal surface )
GLUT 2
Amino acid absorption happens where
Jejunum of small intestine
Seldom found free in nature, important in structure of brain and nervous tissue
Galactose
3 examples of Hexoses
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
P.E.M. =
Protein energy malnutrition
SGLT=
Sodium dependent glucose transporter 1
This is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum for carbohydrate digestion
Pancreatic Amylase
Skin and bones appearance
Marasmus
Muscle contractions mix food with acid and enzymes, causing the chemical and physical breakdown of food into chyme
Stomach
Methionine –> _____
_______ –/–> methionine
Cysteine
Receives and prepares undigested food to be eliminated from the body and feces
Large intestine
This hormone increases blood glucose concentration
Glucagon
This hormone decreases blood glucose concentration
Insulin
2 endopeptidases
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes acid chyme and contains enzymes needed for CHO, protein and lipid digestion
Pancreas
The gall bladder dumps bike into the
Duodenum of the SI
Bile salts ___________ fats to give them a larger surface area
Emulsify
Proenzymes or inactive enzymes, which must be chemically altered to function as an enzyme
Zymogens
Pepsin is secreted by
Chief cells
3 proteolytic enzymes
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Usual order of rate limiting amino acid in grains
- Lysine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Methionine
- Isoleucine
Intrinsic factor is secreted by
Parietal cells
Major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption
Small intestine
Blood that serves the entire system
Systemic blood
Cysteine has a _______ ________ on the methionine requirement
Sparing effect
5 primary digestive enzymes in the brush border
Maltase Isomaltase Sucrase Lactase a-dextrinase
Bile salts are _____ soluble
Water
Bile is formed from
Cholesterol
Protein quality refers to the
Balance of amino acids to meet the needs of the animal
Stores and releases bile
Gall bladder
Starch is the major carbohydrate in
Grains
The major carbohydrate in grain is
Starch
2 examples of pentoses
Xylose
Ribose
Where is elastin found
Circulatory system
_____can basically be absorbed along the whole digestive tract
VFA
Volatile fatty acids
Animal can perform no better that that allowed by the _____ amount relative to the requirement
Lowest
CHO class with 2-10 monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Important monosaccharides, small amount in plants, undulant on polymers
Not digested very well
Pentoses
Major site of expression: brain (neurons)
GLUT 3
Origin of gastrin
Pyloric region of stomach or abomasum
Trypsin is secreted as
Trypsinogen
Membrane transport created by channel proteins
Diffusion through channels
Pancreatic secretions contain bicarbonate to neutralize
Stomach acid
Releasing mechanism for gastrin
Food in stomach
- caffeine, protein, spices
Glucose concentration in the cell is ______ than the SI
Greater
Which type of monosaccharide is mostly found in metabolic pathways (glycolysis)
Not often free in nature
Trioses
The enzyme that hydrolyzes fats and fatty acids and monoglycerides
Major enzyme in fat digestion
Pancreatic lipase
Origin of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
Duodenum, jejunum
Which hormone has the function of insulin release, inhibit gastric secretion, and mobility
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
Bile consists of
Bile salts Bilirubin Lecithin Fatty acids Cholesterol
Brunner’s glands neutralize
Acid chyme
Bile salts and acids, vitamin C, B12, D, K, and magnesium are absorbed where
Ileum of SI
Lipids, monosaccharides , amino acids, small peptides are absorbed where
Jejunum
These aid in fat emulsification
Brunner’s glands
Enterokinase activates
Trypsin
Why does lysine have the highest dietary amino acid requirement
Highest concentration in muscle
GLU glutamine is actually greatest but it can be synthesized
Where is keratin protein found
Hair, nails, wool, feathers
Proteolytic enzymes are secreted from the
Pancreas
Part of cell walls of plants , very poorly digested. Xylose units (5C)
B- 1,4 glucosidic bonds
Hemicellulose
Hemicellulose has _____________ bonds
B -1,4 glucosidic
Gastric protease
Pretoria digestion in the stomach
3 metabolically important oligosaccharides
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Glucose in SI –> insulin release and inhibit gastric secretion and mobility
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
___________ _____________ hydrolyzes starch to maltose
Pancreatic amylase
Primary enzyme for starch digestion
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic amylase is the major enzyme for
Starch digestion
“____________” at physiological pH
Zwitterion
Origin of hormone secretin
Duodenum and jejunum
Two bile salts
Cholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Cholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Bile salts
These produce hormones
- released into blood to maintain blood glucose levels
Islets of langerhans
Bile is (acidic/basic)
Basic
Both polar and non polar regions, part hydrophobic, part hydrophilic
Amphipathic
What are the needs met by blood glucose
Liver glycogen
Muscle glycogen
Tissue oxidation
Fat formation
Carrier proteins act as _____ that use energy to love ions and molecules
Pumps
Product of hemoglobin breakdown
Bilirubin
Primary bile pigment
Yellow
Within _______min after absorption, amino acids move from gut to where they are used for _______ _________.
5-10
Protein synthesis
Where is collagen found
Bones, teeth, cartilage, skin, tendons
Origin of cholecystokinin
Duodenum, jejunum
> _____ amino acids occur in nature
200
If amino acids aren’t needed for protein synthesis, then they are
Deaminated
Portal blood is also called
Portal drained Viscera
Emulsifies fats
Neutralizes acid
Excretes cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins, drugs, toxins
Bile
Functional categories of proteins
Structural Hormonal Enzymes Immune system Transport within the body
Glucose concentration in the blood is ______ than the cell
Less
Once deaminated, amino acids are used for _____ or converted to _____
Energy
Fats
All the blood flow from the intestines goes through the
Liver
Only ________ amino acids commonly found in most proteins
20-22
Which mechanism of absorption require transport proteins
Facilitated transport
Active transport
4 metabolically important polysaccharides
Starch
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Glycogen
Trypsinogen —-?—>trypsin
Enterokinase
Diet protein + pepsin —->
Long chain polypeptides
Protein structure with grouping of several tertiary units
Quaternary
Component of ATP, ADP, RNA, DNA
Ribose
Denature
Breaking apart a protein
Rennin is located
Abomasum of a nursing calf
Monosaccharides with 6 carbons
Hexoses
Prorennin –?–> rennin
HCl
Glucose is located in ______ within the body
Blood
Glycogen is stored in the _______ and _________ within the body
Liver
Muscle
Major supplier of energy
Carbohydrates
Major carbohydrate in grain
Starch
Major carbohydrate in forages
Cellulose
Carbohydrates make up _______% of the body
<1%
CHO class with 1 sugar molecule
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharide with Three carbons
Trioses
The only glucose transporter insulin is required for
GLUT 4
Pepsinogen —?–> pepsin
HCl
Protein requirements as a % of diets ( decreases / increases) over time
Decreases
Monosaccharides with 5 carbons
Pentoses
Usually associated with poorly digested material ( corn cobs, oat hulls)
Xylose
Protein required in grams / day ( increases/ decreases) over time
Increases
Protein pellets stimulate
Rumen micro organisms
All proteins are made up of simple units called
Amino acids
In seminal fluid
Found in fruits and honey
Fructose
Crypts of Lieberkühn secrete
Enterokinase
Proteins always contain ___- a amino acids
L
Trypsin, once formed, is
Autocatalytic
Almost all enzymes are
Proteins
Ion with acidic pH
Cation
Antibodies are
Proteins
Protein structure with
Folding of polypeptide chains
Stabilized by disulfide bonds, H - bonds
Tertiary
3 proteolytic enzymes
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Chymotrypsinogen–?–>chymotrypsin
Trypsin
Procarboxypeptidase–?–>carboxypeptidase
Trypsin
There is no storage pool of _______ in the body
Amino acids
Ion with basic pH
Anion
Protein structure with peptide bonds
Primary
Essential amino acids called
Indispensable
Amino acids that cannot to synthesized by the body
Essential amino acids
Protein structure with a-helix stabilized by H-bond b/t (CO) and (NH)
Secondary
Chicks require
Proline and glycine
NRC based off of _____ and ____ diets
Corn and SBM
Indispensable amino acid present in the least amount relative to the requirement
First limiting amino acid
Indispensable amino acid present in the second least amount relative to the requirement
Second limiting amino acid
Protein whose amino acid balance more nearly approximates the needs of the animal
High quality
Measure of protein quality
Biological value
High quality proteins are generally of _______ origin
Except: ________ (no _______)
Animal
Gelatin
Tryptophan
Found in greatest amount of any nutrient, except water, in all living organisms
Protein
Main source of energy for animals
Carbohydrates
About ____% of bike salts are reabsorbed (ileum) and recycled back to gall bladder
94
Low or lacking in one or more indispensable amino acids
Low quality
CHO class with 100-1000+ monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Beta cells produce
Insulin
Alpha cells produce
Glucagon
Does any absorption happen in the mouth
No
Does any absorption happen in the esophagus
No
T/F: the large intestine has no digestive secretions
True
Autocatalytic means what
Trypsin can activate trypsinogen
Keeps droplets of fat together
Lecithin
Droplets are called
Micelles
This animal doesn’t have a gall bladder
Horse
Liver makes this continuously
Bile
Why are the two types of tissues in the pancreas
Acinar
Islets of langerhans
Carboxypeptidase is a
Exopeptidase
Perfect amino acid balance would equal
~7-8%CP
What absorption happens in a simple stomach
Essentially none ( water, alcohol, some minerals )
Produce pancreatic secretions, the bulk of the pancreas
Acinar
Bile is stored and concentrated in the
Gall bladder
The 3 types of mechanisms of absorption
Passive transport
Facilitated transport
Active transport
Bike empties into the small intestine when digesta (ESP fat) enters from
The stomach
What absorption happens in the large intestine
Water, some minerals
Most molecules ________ cross membrane by simple diffusion
Cannot
This system emptied into the blood stream through thoracic duct ( by passes liver)
Lymphatic system
Membrane transport through lipid bilayer
Simple diffusion
Membrane transport that involves a specific carrier protein
Facilitated diffusion
Membrane transport that involves a specific carrier protein plus energy
Active transport
Diffusion of water across a membrane
Osmosis
Water, alcohol, copper, iodine, fluoride, molybdenum are absorbed where
Stomach
Carrier proteins _______ _______ when molecules attach to them
Change shape
Molecules move up a concentration gradient
Active transport
After glucose goes into blood, what three things can happen
- Energy production
- Muscle glycogen
- Fat synthesis
What triggers pancreatic secretions
Fat and protein “products “ in the small intestine
Amino acids move to cells that secrete
Enzymes and hormones
What absorption happens in a ruminant stomach
Absorption of VFA, NH3, gases and some AA
Releasing mechanism for cholecystokinin
Fat, fatty acids, polypeptides in duodenum
Releasing mechanism for secretin
Acid chyme
Large polypeptides
Function of secretin
Secretion of pancreatic juice, reduce gastric motility
Decrease in pH in duedenum–> secrete pancreatic secretions (bicarbonate)
Secretin
Fat and amino acids in duodenum –> bile and pancreatic enzymes
Cholecystokinin
What hormone has the function of stimulating flow of stomach acid and enzymes
Gastrin
Water, vitamin K, biotin, sodium, chloride, potassium a short changing fatty acids are absorbed
Large intestine
Releasing mechanism for gastric inhibitory polypeptide
Glucose in duodenum
Fats, fatty acids, bile in duodenum
Major sites of expression: small intestine ( mucosal surface)
GLUT 5
What triggers HCl secretion
Stomach distention
Function of cholecystokinin
Bile flow, synthesis if pancreatic juice and enzymes
What happens after you eat
Dietary glucose enters blood
Some glucose use by liver to replenish liver glycogen supply.
Other glucose goes to muscle and other extra hepatic tissues :blood
Five digestive enzymes from the pancreas
- Proteolytic enzymes
- Pancreatic amylase
- Pancreatic lipase
- Cholesterol esterase
- Phospholipase
Three types of fibrous proteins
Collagen
Elastin
Keratin
Presence of food in stomach –> HCl and pepsin
Gastrin
Fermentation is _______________the small intestine in horses and rabbits
Behind / after
The pH in the mouth
Neutral
Account for 75% of dry weight of plants
Carbohydrates
First part of large intestine
Cecum
The cecum is very large in what animal
What is digested there
Horses
Forages
Alimentary organs
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and Anis
____activates pepsinogen and pro rennin
Denatures dietary proteins
Stomach antiseptic
Stops action of salivary amylase
HCl
HCl
_activates pepsinogen and pro rennin
Denatures dietary proteins
Stomach antiseptic
Stops action of salivary amylase
Pepsin works at what pH
Acidic
Gastric glands are sometimes referred to as
Oxyntic glands
Rennin is located
Abomasum of nursing calf
The microbiology can also be called
The brush border
The gastric glands are located in the
Stomach
The ______ and ______ connect to the digestive Tract and are essential
Liver and pancreas
The pair of salivary glands below the ear
Parotid glands
The pair of salivary glands at the base of the mandible
Submaxillary glands
Salivary amylase is produced by
Parotid glands
Salivary amylase is a _________ digesting enzyme
Starch
Three parts to small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
The pancreas dumps enzymes into the
Duodenum
The inner lining of the intestinal tract, next to the lumen
Mucosa
The connective tissue next to the mucosa
Submucosa
Which muscle layer causes peristaltic movements, or “squeeze”
Circular
Which muscle layer aids peristaltic movement
Longitudinal
The connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lacteals ( lymph) and nerves
Submucosa
Cecum of ______ and _____ is enlarged
Horse and rabbit
Microbial fermentation permits the utilization of
Forages
The pH of the stomach is
Acidic
Salivary amylase is secreted by what two species
Man and pig
Paste formed by food produced/ processed by the stomach
Chyme
The layer of the wall of the intestinal tract that has two muscle layers and also contains nerves
Muscularis
The region of the stomach next to the duodenum
Pyloric region
Water removal and the formation of feces
Large intestine
The area between the villi at the base
Crypts of Lieberkühn
Only significant secretion in the large intestine
Mucus
Rennin does what to casein
Coagulates
In ruminants, fermentation is ___________ of the small intestine
In front
The opening of the stomach
Cardia
Outlet of the stomach
Pyloris
Starch + salivary amylase
Maltose and dextrin
Salivary amylase is deactivated by this in the stomach
HCl
Parietal cells produce
HCl and intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor is necessary for what vitamin absorption
B12
Accessory organs
Tongue Teeth Salivary glands Liver Pancreas Gastric glands Intestinal glands
Smooth outer layer of intestinal tract
Serosa
Straight chain starch
Amylose
Highly branched starch
Amylopectin
Most digestion and absorption occurs
Jejunum
3 pair of salivary glands
Parotid glands
Sub maxillary glands
Sublingual glands
Three parts of the large intestine
Cecum, colon, rectum
In the first few cm of duodenum, in the mucosa/ sub mucosa ,
Brunners glands
Protease is the enzyme that breaks down i
Protein
What is the digestive enzyme present in calves
Pregastric esterase
Pregastric lipase
In ruminants
Excreted from beneath the tongue
Aids in milk fat digestion
What are the three gastric cells
Mucous neck cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Saliva is ___% water
99
Thick slimy portion of saliva
Mucin
Absorption of vitamin B12 occurs where
Ileum
What do brunner’s glands secrete
Viscous alkaline mucus
Basic
Function of Brunner’s glands
Secretions neutralize acid chyme
Aids in fat emulsification
Amylase is secreted from
Crypts of Lieberkühn
Crypts of Lieberkühn secrete
Enterokinase
Amylase
Mucus
These spilt small peptides into amino acids
Peptidases
Intracellular enzymes are located
On surface or inside epithelial cells (on micro villi) (brush border)
Pancreatic secretions
Clear fluid, mostly water
Contains digestive enzymes
(Major enzymes in digestion)
Contains bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Amino peptidases are from the
Brush border
Exopeptidases act on
Carboxyl group (end) Releases free amino acids
Hydrolyzes fats to fatty acids and monoglycerides
Major enzyme in fat digestion
Pancreatic lipase
Transport of glucose into the villus epithelial cell is by what kind of transport
Active transport
Transport across the basolateral surface of the cell (into the blood) is by why kind of transport
Facilitated diffusion
The digestive process converts all of the dietary CHOs to their constituent monosaccharides by ___________ ________ _______ b/t the sugars
Hydrolyzing glucosidic bonds
