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Animal Nutrition > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

0
Q

Most of the fat in our diet is

A

TAG- triacylglycerol or triglyceride

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1
Q

What is the physiological fuel value for fat?

A

9 kcal / g

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2
Q

TAG=?

A

Triacylglycerol or triglyceride

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3
Q

What are some functions of fat

A 
Source of energy 
Carrier for fat soluble vitamins 
Source of essential fatty acids 
Insulation 
Lubricant 
Protect internal organs 
Precursors for hormones 
Structural functions
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4
Q

TAG= 95% of __________, 85% of ________in the body

A

Dietary fat

Stored energy

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5
Q

Examples of lubrication as a function of fat

A

Gland in eyelid secretes lipid compounds to protect surface of the eye

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6
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E & K

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7
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids

A 
Omega 3 (linolenic )
Omega 6 ( linoleic )
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8
Q

Fat is needed for

A

Absorption

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9
Q

What are some structural functions of fat in the body

A

Membranes ( barrier function)
Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol, sat. Fatty acid, trans-FA:stiffen

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10
Q

Trans-FA have what effect on membranes

A

Reduce fluidity

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11
Q

The amount of cholesterol affects what in membranes

A

Fluidity

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12
Q

Phospholipid bilayer consists of

A

Hydrophilic polar heads on the outside, and hydrophobic non polar tails on the inside

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13
Q

The “tail” in a phospholipid bilayer is

A

Fatty acid

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14
Q

The “ head” in a phospholipid bilayer is

A

Glycerol-P

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15
Q

Cholesterol is important in

A

Membrane structure

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16
Q

This type of fatty acid is bad in your diet

A

Trans-fatty acid

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17
Q

_________&_____prevent hydrophobic chains from packing too tightly

A

Cholesterol and CIS- fatty acids

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18
Q

In relation to the appearance of the fatty acid tail, saturated fatty acids are (bent/straight)

A

Straight

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19
Q

In relation to the appearance of the fatty acid tail, cis-unsaturated fatty acids are (bent/straight)

A

Bent

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20
Q

Where is cholesterol in the cell membrane

A

Between the tails in the lipid bilayer

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21
Q

In relation to the appearance of the fatty acid tail, trans fatty acids are (bent/straight)

A

Straight

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22
Q

Straight fatty acid tail ( decrease/ increase) fluidity if the membrane while bent fatty acid tails ( decrease / increase) fluidity if the membrane

A

Decrease

Increase

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23
Q

What are some functions of fat in food

A

Carrier of flavor components and fat soluble vitamins ( marbling in steaks)
Desirable qualities: smoothness: emulsifier
Concentrated source of energy
Satiety value

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24
Q

Another name for lecithin?

A

Phosphatidylcholine

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25
Q

Esters of fatty acids (FA) with various alcohols

Includes fats, oils, waxes

A

Simple lipids

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26
Q

Fats and oils are esters of fatty acids with _________

A

Glycerol

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27
Q

Waxes are esters of fatty acids with _____

A

Alcohol other than glycerol

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28
Q

Esters of fatty acids containing non lipid substances

A

Compound lipids

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29
Q

What are some non lipid substances in compound lipids

A

Phosphorus (phospholipids : lecithin)
CHO ( glycolipids) (tears)
Protein: ( lipoproteins)

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30
Q

This has an important role in the transport of fat through body

A

Protein ( lipoproteins)

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31
Q

________ make up ~95% of lipids in food and feed

A

Triglycerides (TG)

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32
Q

_____ and ____ quantitatively most important

A

Fats and oils

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33
Q

Livestock feeds seldom over ____ of calories from fat

A

5%

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34
Q

Use a bomb calorimeter to get total energy content _____

A

Gross energy

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35
Q

These three are important in metabolism

A

Glycolipids, lipoproteins, sterols

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36
Q

What is the value of gross energy value for fat

A

9.45 kcal/g

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37
Q

9.45 kcal/ g x________ = 9 kcal/g

A

Digestibility ~80-90%

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38
Q

Major storage form of energy in the body

A

Triglycerides/ triacylglycerols (TAG)

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39
Q

Triglycerides/ triacylglycerols (TAG) are compared of ______ backbones attached by an ester bond to _______ side chains

A

Glycerol

3-fatty acids

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40
Q

Triglycerides/ triacylglycerols (TAG) ate typically seen as two or more different fatty acid residues or ________ _________ (versus ________ _______)

A

Mixed triglyceride

Simple triglyceride

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41
Q

Pancreatic lipase an only attack _______ ester bonds and is the primary enzyme in _________ _______

A

Outside

Lipid digestion

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42
Q

Products of pancreatic lipase

A

2 fatty acids

Monoglyceride

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43
Q

Another name for lecithin

A

Phosphatidylcholine

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44
Q

Phospholipids are a major component of

A

Cell membranes

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45
Q

Phospholipids have a glycerol backbone with

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group (PO4)

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46
Q

______ _____ are the simplest if lipids

A

Fatty acids

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47
Q

Fatty acids consist of

A 
Polar head group (carboxylic acid) 
Hydrophobic tail ( nonpolar) long hydrocarbon chain
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48
Q

C__-C__ are volatile

A

C2-C6

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49
Q

C2=

A

Acetic acid

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50
Q

C3=

A

Propionic acid

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51
Q

C4=

A

Butyric acid

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52
Q

C5=

A

Valeric acid

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53
Q

C16=

A

Palmitic acid

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54
Q

C18=

A

Stearic acid

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55
Q

C14=

A

Myristic acid (palm oil)

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56
Q

C__ -C___ are water soluble in decreasing amounts

A

C2-C6

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57
Q

These three chain lengths of fatty acids are in milk fat

A

C4,C6,C8

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58
Q

> C8 are _____ at room temperature

A

Solid

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59
Q

C___ and C____most common saturated fatty acids

A

C16 & C18

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60
Q

Double bonds (increase / decrease ) melting point

A

Decrease

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61
Q

Increasing chain length (increases / decreases) melting point

A

Increases

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62
Q

Fatty acid hydrocarbon chains are ___ to ___ carbons in length

A

4-24

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63
Q

In saturated fatty acid chains

-all C-C bonds are _______

A

Single

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64
Q

In unsaturated fatty acid chains

Contains one or more

A

C=C double bond

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65
Q

One C=C bond is called

A

Monounsaturated

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66
Q

2 or more C=C bonds are

A

Polyunsaturated

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67
Q

The CIS form of fatty acids causes the chain to

A

Bend because the H’s are in the same side of the double bond

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68
Q

The reactive end of the carbon chain is the

A

Carboxyl End (elongation happens here)

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69
Q

From a nutritional standpoint in the nomenclature of fatty acids you count from the _____ end

A

Methyl

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70
Q

This is a very large complex enzyme that builds fatty acids two carbons at a time.

A

Fatty acid synthase

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71
Q

w6;C18:2 =?

A

Linoleic acid

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72
Q

These are precursors for prostaglandins, essential in the diet

A

Omega 6 fatty acid

Linoleic

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73
Q

w3;C18:8 =?

A

Linolenic acid

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74
Q

This is essential in the diet for the formation of DHA and EPA

A

Omega 3 fatty acid

Linolenic

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75
Q

Linoleic –> ______________(C__:______). –> prostaglandins

A

Arachidonic (C20:4 w6)

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76
Q

Linolenic–> _______________( _ _ ;__:___) –>________________( _ _; __:___)

A

Eicosapentaenoic acid
(EPA; 20:5 w3)
Docosahexaenoic acid
(DHA; 22:6 w3)

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77
Q

You need only around ~1 ______ of oil per day

A

Tablespoon

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78
Q

Tropical oils are usually

A

Saturated

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79
Q

Canola oil used to be called

A

Rape seed oil

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80
Q

The oil with the least saturated fat and most omega 3 is

A

Canola oil

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81
Q

What oil has the most saturated fat

A

Coconut oil

82
Q

What oil has the greatest amount of monounsaturated fat and considered healthier that the others

A

Olive oil

83
Q

What is high in omega 3

A

Flax seed (linseed oil / meal)

84
Q

What is high in omega six

A

Safflower

85
Q

Sources of linoleic acid (omega 6’s)

A

Corn oil, safflower, soybean, cottonseed, sunflower seed, peanut oil

86
Q

Sources of linolenic acid

Believed to enhance coats of animals

A

Linseed( flaxseed), canola, small amount in soybean oil

87
Q

Sources of arachidonic acid

A

Meats ( animal fats)

88
Q

Sources of EPA and DHA

A

Fish, (cold water fish-salmon) and marine algae

89
Q

The ___ conformation of hydrogenated fat is found in nature

A

CIS

90
Q

The ____ conformation of hydrogenated fat Is seen in synthetic fats such as margarines that have been partially hydrogenated

A

Trans

91
Q

What are some potential problems with the trans configuration of hydrogenated fat

A

Causes unfavorable lipoprotein profile ( HDL decreases and LDL and total cholesterol increases )
Can interfere with essential fatty acid metabolism
New food labeling rules

92
Q

The “good” cholesterol

A

HDL

93
Q

The “bad” cholesterol

A

LDL

94
Q

A low HDL level and high LDL level can lead to

A

Strokes and heart attacks

95
Q

The major digesting enzyme of triglycerides

A

Pancreatic lipase

96
Q

Two minor enzymes in triglyceride digestion

A

Gastric lipase from stomach

Intestinal lipase

97
Q

In nursing ruminants______ _______ from base of tongue starts milk fat digestion in the _____

A

Pre gastric esterase

Abomasum

98
Q

Fats enter small intestine from stomach as a _____ ______ (due to stomach movements)

A

Coarse emulsion

99
Q

Lipase (can / cannot). Attach to a lipid droplet in the presence of bile salts

A

Cannot

100
Q

_____ acts as an “anchor” for lipase

A

Colipase

101
Q

Colipase is secreted from the _______ as______

A

Pancreas

Procolipase

102
Q

Procolipase –?–> colipase

A

Trypsin

103
Q

This is required for lipase activity when bile salt is present

A

Colipase

104
Q

TAG (Triacylglycerol or triglyceride) is produced in the

A

Smooth endoplasmic recticulum (ER)

105
Q

Protein (ApoB-___) produced in

A

ApoB-48

Rough ER

106
Q

Assembly of lipoprotein ___________ in ER and Golgi apparatus

A

Chylomicron

107
Q

______ is the only tissue that can use glycerol

A

Liver

108
Q

VLDL=

A

Very low density lipoprotein
High % lipid
Low % protein

109
Q

LDL=

A

Low density lipoprotein

110
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoprotein

111
Q

Protein that activates lipoprotein lipase

A

C2

112
Q

Enzyme located on walls of capillaries of many tissues

A

Lipoprotein lipase

113
Q

Lipoprotein lipase releases

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

114
Q

____ can deliver cholesterol to cells and excess cholesterol can trigger the formation of

A

LDL

Plaque

115
Q

______“picks up” cholesterol from body cells and can also remove cholesterol from plaque

A

HDL

116
Q

LDL also accepts cholesterol from ___. ______removed LDL from blood and converts cholesterol into _____

A

HDL
Liver
Bile

117
Q

________is manufactured by the liver and is also taken from foods

A

Cholesterol

118
Q

Heart LPL has a ____Km

A

Low

119
Q

Adipose has a ____Km

A

High

120
Q

In ruminants, micro organisms break down FA to _______&_______

A

3 free FA

Glycerol

121
Q

DHAP=

A

Dihydroxyacetonephosphate

122
Q

Ruminant fat is (more/less) saturated than non-ruminants

A

More

123
Q

Ruminant meat and dairy products = ____ of fat as trans FA

A

1-8%

124
Q

Up to _______% of hydrogenated vegetable oils are trans FA

A

40-50%

125
Q

_____% of trans FA in US diet from hydrogenated oils

A

75-90%

126
Q

CLA=?

A

Conjugated linoleic acid

127
Q

CLA is found in ________ products and other ________ foods

A

Dairy

Ruminant

128
Q

CLA is formed by micro organisms in the _____

A

Rumen

129
Q

CIS ___,trans-___._________________ acid most common CLA

A

CIS 9,trans-11 octadecadienoic acid

130
Q

A conjugated double bond has ___ single bond(s) between double bonds

A

One

131
Q

A non conjugated double bond has ___ single bond(s) between double bonds

A

Two

132
Q

CLA has ________________effects, inhibits proliferation if some ________

A

Anti carcinogenic

Cancers

133
Q

CLA has antiatgerogenic effects meaning

A

Lowers total and LDL cholesterol

134
Q

This reduces fat and increases lean body mass in some species, enhanced some immune response, and increases rate of bone formation in growing animals

A

CLA

Conjugated linoleic acid

135
Q

Chylomicrons are produced in _____________. And carry __________ from diet in lymph and blood.

A

Interstitial epithelial cells

Triacylglycerols

136
Q

VLDL is produced in _______.

Carries synthesized TAG (mainly from ______) in _______.

A

Liver
Carbohydrates
Blood

137
Q

IDL=?
Produced in _____, ( remnant of __________ after triacylglycerol digestion.
It is endocytosed by ______ or converted to ____.

A

Intermediate density lipoprotein
Blood
VLDL
Liver, LDL

138
Q

LDL is produced in ________. (Remnant of ____ after triacylglycerol digestion; end product of ______)
Contains high concentration of _______ and _____________
Endocytosed by ______ and ___________ ________.

A

Blood.
IDL, VLDL
Cholesterol, cholesterol esters liver, peripheral tissues

139
Q

HDL= “_____” cholesterol
Produced in _______& __________.
Exchanges _________ and ______ with other ________.
Functions in the return of ________ from peripheral tissues to ______

A

Good
Liver and intestine
Proteins and lipids, lipoproteins
Cholesterol, liver

140
Q

The ____ ____ are the simplest of the lipids

A

Fatty acids

141
Q

A fatty acid containing one carbon -carbon double bond

A

Monounsaturated

142
Q

A fatty acid containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated

143
Q

Most fatty acids have and ______ number of carbon atoms

A

Even

144
Q

The two essential fatty acids

A 
Linoleic acid (18:2 w-6)
Linolenic acid (18:3 w-3)
145
Q

Humans are incapable of forming double bonds beyond the ____ carbon in the chain, which is why there are essential fatty acids

A

Ninth

146
Q

TAG that contain a high proportion of relatively short chain fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids tend to be _______ at room temperature

A

Liquid (oils)

147
Q

TAGs made up of saturated fatty acids of longer chain length have a higher melting point and exists as _______ at room temperatures

A

Solids

148
Q

_____ are monohydroxy alcohols of steroidal structure, with cholesterol being the most common example.

A

Sterols

149
Q

Cholesterol is only present in _______ _______.

A

Animal tissues

150
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor for many important steroids in the body
Ex:

A

Bile acids
Steroid sex hormones ( estrogens, androgens, progesterone)
Adrenocortical hormones
Vitamin D of animal tissues ( cholecalciferol)

151
Q

The lipids belonging to phospholipids contain _________

A

Phosphate

152
Q

A constituent of cell and organelle membranes, __________ serve as a conduit for the passage of water soluble and fat soluble materials across the membrane.

A

Phospholipids

153
Q

The dietary lipid targeted for digestion is __________ by a very efficient process, mediated mainly by _____ ____.

A

Emulsified

Bile salts

154
Q

The emulsification of lipids increases the ____ ____ of the dietary lipid targeted for digestion.

A

Surface area

155
Q

Most dietary TAG digestion happens in the ______ of the ______ ________.

A

Lumen
Small
Intestine

156
Q 
Dietary lipids include 
1.
2.
3.
4.
These lipids enter the stomach largely intact
A
  1. Triacylglycerol (TAG)
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Cholesterol esters
  4. Phospholipids
157
Q

Only ______ are acted upon in the stomach. _______ hydrolyzes medium and short chain FA

A

TAGs

Gastric lipase

158
Q

Short chain free fatty acids in the lumen of the SI move directly into the ______ and combine with ______ and are then transported to the ________.

A

Blood
Albumin
Liver

159
Q

The lipoprotein B-48 is synthesized in the _____ and _____ _______.

A

ER

Golgi apparatus

160
Q

The protein portion of any lipoprotein is called the

A

Apolipoprotein

161
Q

___________ are the primary form of lipoprotein formed from exogenous (dietary) lipids

A

Chylomicrons

162
Q

The role of the chylomicron is to deliver dietary ______ mostly to tissues other than the _____, such as _______ and _______ tissue.

A

Lipid
Liver
Muscle
Adipose

163
Q

Much of the lipid delivered to the liver is in the form of ________ ________.

A

Chylomicron remnants

164
Q

______ are the most abundant lipid in the diet, and are also the most abundant lipid in chylomicrons.

A

TAG

165
Q

As lipids are removed from chylomicrons, they undergo intravascular conversion to ________ _______.

A

Chylomicron remnants.

166
Q

Chylomicrons are transported by the blood throughout all tissues in the body, whole undergoing intravascular hydrolysis at certain tissue sites. This hydrolysis occurs through the action of the enzyme

A

Lipoprotein lipase

167
Q

This enzyme is associated with the endothelial cell surface of the small blood vessels and capillaries within non hepatic tissue such as ______ and _______.

A

Lipoprotein lipase
Adipose
Muscle

168
Q

The blood vessels of the ______ do not have LPL

A

Liver

169
Q

The lipid is synthesized in the ____________, transferred to the ___________ and excreted from the cell along with apolipoprotiens B-100.

A

Smooth ER

Golgi apparatus

170
Q

The ______ is the key player in lipid transport, because it is the site of synthesis of lipoproteins formed from endogenous lipids and apoproteins.

A

Liver

171
Q

The liver is capable of synthesizing new lipids from non lipid precursors such as _______ and ___ ______.

A

Glucose

Amino acids

172
Q

The liver can also take up and catabolism exogenous lipids delivered to it in the form of _________ _________, repackaging their lipids into _____ and ______ forms

A

Chylomicron remnants
HDL
VLDL

173
Q

Adipose is involved in absorbing ______ and _______ from chylomicrons through the action of _________.

A

TAG and cholesterol

Lipoprotein lipase

174
Q

These are the major storage site for TAG

A

Adipocytes

175
Q

______ accelerates the entry of glucose into the adipose cells

A

Insulin

176
Q

______ are the major lipids in the diet

A

Triacylglycerides (TAG)

177
Q

TAGs are digested to _________ and _________, which are resynthesized into TAG in _______ _______ _______, packaged in ____________ and secreted by way of the _____ into the blood.

A

Fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerols.
Intestinal epithelial cells
Chylomicrons
Lymph

178
Q

The _____ ______ of the chylomicron TAGs are stored mainly as TAG in _________ cells.

A

Fatty acids

Adipose

179
Q

The _________ of the diet are emulsified in the intestine by _____ ______, which are synthesized in the _____ and stored in the ________.

A

Triacylglycerols
Bile salts
Liver
Gallbladder

180
Q

The enzyme _______ ________ converts the triacylglycerols in the lumen of the intestine to ______ ______ and ____________, which interact with bile salts to form tiny micro droplets called _________

A

Pancreatic lipase
Fatty acids
2-monoacylglycerols
Micelles

181
Q

The FA and 2-monoacylglycerols are absorbed from these micelles into the ______ _______ ______, where they are resynthesized into _________.

A

Intestinal epithelial cells

Triacylglycerols

182
Q

Triacylglycerols ate packaged with _____,________,_____ and other compounds into the lipoprotein complexes known as ___________, which are secreted into the _______ and ultimately enter the _________.

A

Proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol
Chylomicrons
Lymph

183
Q

Fats must be transported in the _____ bound to _____ or in _______ complexes because they are insoluble in water.

A

Blood
Protein
Lipoprotein

184
Q

The TAGs of VLDL are synthesized in the _______.

A

Liver

185
Q

When lipoproteins pass through blood vessels in ________ tissue, third TAGs are degraded to _______ ______ and ________.

A

Adipose
Fatty acids
Glycerol

186
Q

The remnants of the chylomicrons are cleared from the blood by the _____.

A

Liver

187
Q

The remnants of the VLDL can be cleared by the ______, or they can form a _____, which is cleared by the _______

A

Liver
LDL
Liver

188
Q

Two types of lipoproteins are produced in the fed state

A

Chylomicrons, VLDL

189
Q

_______FA have single bonds between the carbons in the chain, and _________FA contain one or more double bonds.

A

Saturated

Unsaturated.

190
Q

The most common saturated FA present in the cell are____________(C__) and ___________(C__).

A

Palmitic acid C16

Stearic acid C18

191
Q

Cholesterol adds __________ to the phospholipid bilayer of membranes.

A

Stability

192
Q

Lipogenesis is an ________- regulated process through which _____ is converted to ______, which are subsequently esterified to ________ to form the TAGs that are packaged in ________ and secreted from the liver.

A 
Insulin
Glucose
Fatty acids 
Glycerol
VLDL
193
Q

_________ primarily transport dietary lipids, and _______ transports endogenously synthesized lipids.

A

Chylomicrons

VLDL

194
Q

Produced in intestinal epithelial cells from dietary fat

Carries triacylglycerol in blood

A

Chylomicrons

195
Q

Produced in liver mainly from dietary carbohydrate

Carries triacylglycerol in blood

A

VLDL

Very low density lipoprotein

196
Q

Produced in blood ( remnant of VLDL after triacylglycerol digestion)
Endocytosed by liver or converted to LDL.

A

IDL

Intermediate density lipoprotein

197
Q

Produced in blood ( remnant of IDL after triacylglycerol digestion, end product of VLDL)
Contains high concentration of cholesterol and cholesterol esters
Endocytosed by liver and peripheral tissues

A

LDL

Low density lipoprotein

198
Q

Produced in liver and intestine
Exchanges proteins and lipids with other lipoproteins
Functions in the return of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

A

HDL

High density lipoprotein

199
Q

TAGs are the major fat in the human diet, consisting of three _____ _____ esterified to a ______ backbone

A

Fatty acids

Glycerol

200
Q

When partially digested food enters the intestine , the hormone _________ is secreted by the intestine, which signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile acids, and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.

A

Cholecystokinin

201
Q

Some cholesterol in the diet is not free cholesterol, it is hydrolyzed by the enzyme

A

Cholesterol esterase

202
Q

Phospholipids in the diet are hydrolyzed by the enzyme

A

Phospholipase A2

Animal Nutrition (8 decks)

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