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Animal Nutrition > Overview of Nutrients > Flashcards

Overview of Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two essential fatty acids the body cannot make on its own so they are needed in the diet

A

omega 6- linoleic acid

omega 3- linolenic acid

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2
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

Vit. A D E K

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3
Q

cheapest, most abundant, most critical nutrient

A

water

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4
Q

what are the five functions of water

A
  1. nutrient transport and excretion
  2. chemical reactions (hydrolysis)
  3. body temp regulation
  4. maintain shape of cell
  5. lubricate/cushion joints
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5
Q

what are the three sources of water for an animal

A
  1. drinking water
  2. water in feed
  3. metabolic water
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6
Q

what nutrient accounts for ~75% of the dry wight of plants but only <1% of animal tissue

A

carbohydrates

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7
Q

main source of energy for animals, primarily starches and cellulose

A

carbohydrates

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8
Q

cell walls are made of

A

cellulose and hemicellulose

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9
Q

cell contents include

A

starches and sugars

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10
Q

the primary simple sugar

A

glucose

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11
Q

what are the 4 ways energy values are expressed

A
  1. TDN- total digestible nutrients
  2. DE- Digestible energy
  3. ME-metabolizable energy
  4. NE- Net Energy
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12
Q

what energy value is used for horses

A

DE

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13
Q

what energy value is used for swine and beef

A

ME

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14
Q

what energy value is used for beef feedlot and dairy cattle

A

NE: NE- gain, NE- maintenance, NE- lactation

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15
Q

what stands for fat on a feed label

A

ether extract

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16
Q

what nutrient accounts for <5% of most feedstuffs

A

lipids (fats)

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17
Q

what is the physiological fuel value for
fat
carbohydrates
protein

A

fat: 9 kcal/g
CHO: 4 kcal/g
protein: 4 kcal/g

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18
Q

what are functions of fat

A
  1. structural component of cell membranes
  2. source of essential fatty acids
  3. serve as an energy reserve in the body
  4. serve as a carrier for fat soluble vitamins
  5. insulation
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19
Q

linolenic acid –>?

linoleic acid –>?

A

DHA, EPA

prostaglandins

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20
Q

found in greatest amount of any nutrient, except water, in all living organisms

A

protein

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21
Q

what two amino acids are necessary for young animals but not so much for adults

A

histidine and arginine

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22
Q

essential amino acids are also called

A

indispensable amino acids

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23
Q

what are the ten essential amino acids

A 
PVT TIM HALL
phenylalanine 
valine
threonine 
tryptophan
isoleucine 
methionine 
histidine
arginine
leucine 
lysine
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24
Q

nonessential amino acids are also called

A

dispensable , not needed in the diet

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25
Q

what are the 12 non essential amino acids

A
  1. alanine
  2. aspartic acid
  3. asparagine
  4. cysteine
  5. cystine
  6. glutamic acid
  7. glutamine
  8. glycine
  9. proline
  10. hydroxy-proline
  11. serine
  12. tyrosine
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26
Q

protein as a % in diet ________ as the animal gets older , but amount of protein needed a day _______

A

decreases

increases

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27
Q

what is usually the 1st limiting amino acid

A

lysine

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28
Q

what two amino acids do chicken require along with the essential 10

A

glycine and proline

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29
Q

cats and Dalmatians require

A

taurine

30
Q

total mineral content of plant or animal

A

ash

31
Q

what are the 7 macro minerals needed by the body

A

Na, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, K, S

32
Q

what are nine micro minerals needed by the body

A

Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn,

33
Q

minerals act as _______in the body while vitamins act as _________ in the body

A

cofactors

coenzymes

34
Q

this mineral in involved in bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, blood clotting
Deficiencies: rickets, osteoporosis, tetany, milk fever in dairy cattle (parturient paresis)

A

Ca

35
Q

what three nutrients are usually talked about together

A

Ca, P, and Vit. D

36
Q

this mineral in involved in bone and teeth formation, high energy phosphate bonds
Def: rickets, chewing on wood or boards (depraved appetite), eating soil (pica), anestrus in cattle

A

P

37
Q

this mineral in involved in bone formation, enzyme cofactor for ATP formation and utilization
Def: hyper irritability and convulsions, loss of equilibrium, tetany

A

Mg

38
Q

this mineral in involved in cellular respiration (hemoglobin; myoglobin; cytochomes)
Def: Anemia

A

Fe

39
Q

this mineral in involved in cofactor for enzyme systems

Def: parakeratosis in swine (tough, thickened skin) poor hair development, slipping of wool

A

Zn

40
Q

this mineral in involved in: component of vitamin B12 (also called cobalamin)
def: macrocytic anemia, Ruminants: severely reduced appetite and growth leading to death (Because ruminants absorb very little glucose, B12 important in glycolysis etc.)

A

Co

41
Q

this mineral in involved in thyroxine formation (regulation of BMR)
def: causes goiter: enlarged thyroid gland

A

Iodine

42
Q

this mineral in involved in component of glutathione peroxidase which protects against cellular membrane damage, functions with vitamin E
Def: easily rupture blood cells, nutritional muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease)
Excess: blind staggers, sloughing of hooves and tails.

A

Se

usually goes together with Vit. E

43
Q

this mineral in involved in bone formation, traces prevent against tooth decay
Excess: defects in enamel, mottled teeth, bone deformities

A

Fluorine (F)

44
Q

this should always be available, either in the diet or free range

A

salt
ruminants and horses : .5-1% diet
pigs and poultry : .25- .5% diet

45
Q

Vitamin D is necessary for ____ absorption from intestines and bone deposition, and involved in renal reabsorption and bone deposition of ___

A

Ca

P

46
Q

grains tend to be low in _____ and ok in ____

Forages tend to be low in ____ and ok in _____

A

Ca, P

P, Ca

47
Q

necessary for metabolic activity but do not become part of structural components of body

A

Vitamins

48
Q

the 4 fat soluble vitamins

A

Vit, A D E K

49
Q

10 water soluble vitamins

A
  1. thiamin
  2. riboflavin
  3. pantothenic acid
  4. niacin
  5. pyridoxine
  6. biotin
  7. folic acid
  8. choline
  9. b12
  10. Vit. C
50
Q

what three vitamins can rumen microorganisms synthesize

A

Vit, K, B, and C

51
Q

precursor for vitamin A

A

Carotene

52
Q

Precursor for vitamin D

A

ergocalciferol - from plants

Cholecaciferol - from animals

53
Q

precursor for vitamin E

A

a-tocopherol

54
Q

precursor for vitamin K

A

menadione

55
Q

functions in vision, epithelial tissue maintenance, bone formations
def: night blindness, xeropthalmia, respiratory infections, failure to conceive, abnormal bone growth

A

Vit A

56
Q

functions in prothrombin formation, blood clotting

def: spontaneous hemorrhages, prolonged clotting time

A

Vit. K

57
Q

in rat poison

A

warfarin

58
Q

antagonist of Vit. K

A

dicoumarol

59
Q

coenzyme for oxidation/reduction reactions (energy metabolism)
def: pellagra

A

Niacin

60
Q

Thiamin deficiency causes

A

beriberi

61
Q

beri beri causes

A

los of sensation in hands and feet, partial paralysis, muscular weakness, abnormal heart action

62
Q

role as coenzyme in oxidation reduction reactions,

def: causes curled tow paralysis, moon blindness, alopecia (loss of hair), conjunctivitis, lacrimation

A

riboflavin

63
Q

part of the structure of coenzyme A

def: causes goose stepping in swine, neuromotor disorders, cardiovascular instability

A

pantothenic acid

64
Q 
function in synthesis of DNA and RNA, 
Def: nonspecific ( diarrhea, anemia) Spinda bifida
A

folic acid

65
Q

functions as coenzyme for carboxylation reactions, avidin will bind this

A

biotin

66
Q

protein in raw egg white, will bind biotin making it unavailable

A

avidin

67
Q

role as coenzyme, transamination and deamination of amino acids
def: dermatitis

A

pyridoxine

68
Q

functions in Hb formation and Fe absorption

def: anemia, swayback and falling disease

A

copper

69
Q

Def: reproductive abnormalities, delayed sexual maturity, poor conception rates, slipped tendon in chicks

A

manganese

70
Q

excess interferes with Cu metabolism, extreme diarrhea leading to emaciation and dehydration, component and xanthine oxidase (RNA and DNA synthesis)

A

molybdenum

Animal Nutrition (8 decks)

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