Overview of Nutrients Flashcards
what are the two essential fatty acids the body cannot make on its own so they are needed in the diet
omega 6- linoleic acid
omega 3- linolenic acid
what are the fat soluble vitamins
Vit. A D E K
cheapest, most abundant, most critical nutrient
water
what are the five functions of water
- nutrient transport and excretion
- chemical reactions (hydrolysis)
- body temp regulation
- maintain shape of cell
- lubricate/cushion joints
what are the three sources of water for an animal
- drinking water
- water in feed
- metabolic water
what nutrient accounts for ~75% of the dry wight of plants but only <1% of animal tissue
carbohydrates
main source of energy for animals, primarily starches and cellulose
carbohydrates
cell walls are made of
cellulose and hemicellulose
cell contents include
starches and sugars
the primary simple sugar
glucose
what are the 4 ways energy values are expressed
- TDN- total digestible nutrients
- DE- Digestible energy
- ME-metabolizable energy
- NE- Net Energy
what energy value is used for horses
DE
what energy value is used for swine and beef
ME
what energy value is used for beef feedlot and dairy cattle
NE: NE- gain, NE- maintenance, NE- lactation
what stands for fat on a feed label
ether extract
what nutrient accounts for <5% of most feedstuffs
lipids (fats)
what is the physiological fuel value for
fat
carbohydrates
protein
fat: 9 kcal/g
CHO: 4 kcal/g
protein: 4 kcal/g
what are functions of fat
- structural component of cell membranes
- source of essential fatty acids
- serve as an energy reserve in the body
- serve as a carrier for fat soluble vitamins
- insulation
linolenic acid –>?
linoleic acid –>?
DHA, EPA
prostaglandins
found in greatest amount of any nutrient, except water, in all living organisms
protein
what two amino acids are necessary for young animals but not so much for adults
histidine and arginine
essential amino acids are also called
indispensable amino acids
what are the ten essential amino acids
PVT TIM HALL phenylalanine valine threonine tryptophan isoleucine methionine histidine arginine leucine lysine
nonessential amino acids are also called
dispensable , not needed in the diet
what are the 12 non essential amino acids
- alanine
- aspartic acid
- asparagine
- cysteine
- cystine
- glutamic acid
- glutamine
- glycine
- proline
- hydroxy-proline
- serine
- tyrosine
protein as a % in diet ________ as the animal gets older , but amount of protein needed a day _______
decreases
increases
what is usually the 1st limiting amino acid
lysine
what two amino acids do chicken require along with the essential 10
glycine and proline
cats and Dalmatians require
taurine
total mineral content of plant or animal
ash
what are the 7 macro minerals needed by the body
Na, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, K, S
what are nine micro minerals needed by the body
Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn,
minerals act as _______in the body while vitamins act as _________ in the body
cofactors
coenzymes
this mineral in involved in bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, blood clotting
Deficiencies: rickets, osteoporosis, tetany, milk fever in dairy cattle (parturient paresis)
Ca
what three nutrients are usually talked about together
Ca, P, and Vit. D
this mineral in involved in bone and teeth formation, high energy phosphate bonds
Def: rickets, chewing on wood or boards (depraved appetite), eating soil (pica), anestrus in cattle
P
this mineral in involved in bone formation, enzyme cofactor for ATP formation and utilization
Def: hyper irritability and convulsions, loss of equilibrium, tetany
Mg
this mineral in involved in cellular respiration (hemoglobin; myoglobin; cytochomes)
Def: Anemia
Fe
this mineral in involved in cofactor for enzyme systems
Def: parakeratosis in swine (tough, thickened skin) poor hair development, slipping of wool
Zn
this mineral in involved in: component of vitamin B12 (also called cobalamin)
def: macrocytic anemia, Ruminants: severely reduced appetite and growth leading to death (Because ruminants absorb very little glucose, B12 important in glycolysis etc.)
Co
this mineral in involved in thyroxine formation (regulation of BMR)
def: causes goiter: enlarged thyroid gland
Iodine
this mineral in involved in component of glutathione peroxidase which protects against cellular membrane damage, functions with vitamin E
Def: easily rupture blood cells, nutritional muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease)
Excess: blind staggers, sloughing of hooves and tails.
Se
usually goes together with Vit. E
this mineral in involved in bone formation, traces prevent against tooth decay
Excess: defects in enamel, mottled teeth, bone deformities
Fluorine (F)
this should always be available, either in the diet or free range
salt
ruminants and horses : .5-1% diet
pigs and poultry : .25- .5% diet
Vitamin D is necessary for ____ absorption from intestines and bone deposition, and involved in renal reabsorption and bone deposition of ___
Ca
P
grains tend to be low in _____ and ok in ____
Forages tend to be low in ____ and ok in _____
Ca, P
P, Ca
necessary for metabolic activity but do not become part of structural components of body
Vitamins
the 4 fat soluble vitamins
Vit, A D E K
10 water soluble vitamins
- thiamin
- riboflavin
- pantothenic acid
- niacin
- pyridoxine
- biotin
- folic acid
- choline
- b12
- Vit. C
what three vitamins can rumen microorganisms synthesize
Vit, K, B, and C
precursor for vitamin A
Carotene
Precursor for vitamin D
ergocalciferol - from plants
Cholecaciferol - from animals
precursor for vitamin E
a-tocopherol
precursor for vitamin K
menadione
functions in vision, epithelial tissue maintenance, bone formations
def: night blindness, xeropthalmia, respiratory infections, failure to conceive, abnormal bone growth
Vit A
functions in prothrombin formation, blood clotting
def: spontaneous hemorrhages, prolonged clotting time
Vit. K
in rat poison
warfarin
antagonist of Vit. K
dicoumarol
coenzyme for oxidation/reduction reactions (energy metabolism)
def: pellagra
Niacin
Thiamin deficiency causes
beriberi
beri beri causes
los of sensation in hands and feet, partial paralysis, muscular weakness, abnormal heart action
role as coenzyme in oxidation reduction reactions,
def: causes curled tow paralysis, moon blindness, alopecia (loss of hair), conjunctivitis, lacrimation
riboflavin
part of the structure of coenzyme A
def: causes goose stepping in swine, neuromotor disorders, cardiovascular instability
pantothenic acid
function in synthesis of DNA and RNA, Def: nonspecific ( diarrhea, anemia) Spinda bifida
folic acid
functions as coenzyme for carboxylation reactions, avidin will bind this
biotin
protein in raw egg white, will bind biotin making it unavailable
avidin
role as coenzyme, transamination and deamination of amino acids
def: dermatitis
pyridoxine
functions in Hb formation and Fe absorption
def: anemia, swayback and falling disease
copper
Def: reproductive abnormalities, delayed sexual maturity, poor conception rates, slipped tendon in chicks
manganese
excess interferes with Cu metabolism, extreme diarrhea leading to emaciation and dehydration, component and xanthine oxidase (RNA and DNA synthesis)
molybdenum
