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mod 21 > rumen health & caecum > Flashcards

rumen health & caecum Flashcards

1
Q

what temp is the rumen?

A

37.5-42degC

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2
Q

is the rumen anaerobic?

A

yes

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3
Q

what is the pH of the rumen?

A

> 6.2 to neutral

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4
Q

what is the contraction rate of the rumen?

A

1-3contractions/min

shouldn’t <1 contractions q45s

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of microbes in the reticulum?

A

bacteria (10^10/g)
protozoa (10^6/g)
fungi (10^4/g)

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6
Q

what gas is in the rumen?

A

40% methane

40% CO2

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7
Q

how much gas is eructed per hour?

A

30l/h

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8
Q

what is the function of the reticulum?

A

ferment cellulose & hemi-cellulose
ferment starch & sugar
use proteins

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9
Q

what is saliva impt for?

A

buffering - alkaline: prevents pH from dropping too much

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10
Q

what is the lactic acidosis spiral?

A

if have rapid ingestion of starch, will have sudden drop of pH to 5.5
streptococcus bovis takes over & produces lots of lactic acid: pH drops <5
only lactobacillus can grow, low pH causes death of all bacterial, fungi and protozoa
more lactic acid from lactobacillus - pH drops sharply & animal dies

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11
Q

what is ruminal acidosis?

A

metabolic disorder arising into rumen, which affect body fluids overpassing the body buffers for a determined amt of time

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12
Q

how to differentiate ruminal acidosis w met acidosis?

A

met acidosis is a condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of alkaline reserve in body fluid

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13
Q

what are the 2 syndromes in ruminal acidosis?

A

acute ruminal acidosis
subacute (sometimes subclin) ruminal acidosis or SARA
both same patho & most of the time same aetiology

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14
Q

what is the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis?

A

starches are rapidly fermented to glucose
free glucose has 3 adverse effects:
1. ruminal bact e.g. S bovis which aren’t usually competitive can thrive
2. other opportunistic bact e.g. E coli can prosper & release endotoxins/histamine when they die
3. free glu increase osmolarity which exacerbate accumulation of acids in rumen by inhibiting VFA absorption
w a more acidotic pH osmotic P is increased by greater ionization of VFAs = ruminal absorption rate decreases, exacerbates acidity & osmolarity

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15
Q

what pH buffers are present in the rumen?

A

bicarbonate: approx half comes from saliva, the rest enter the rumen from blood in exchange for ionized acids
w concentrate diets, ruminal input of saliva decreases. . a higher proportion of bicarbonate must be derived from blood = decreases base excess of blood

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16
Q

what is acute rumen acidosis?

A 
grain overload 
intake of high quantities of rapidly fermentable carbs 
ruminal & met acidosis 
L- and D-lactate acidosis
rapid decrease in pH
severe ruminitis
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17
Q

where is acute rumen acidosis seen freq?

A

seen in feedlots, grain beef systems & after breaking into feed stores

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18
Q

CS for acute rumen acidosis?

A 
bloat
anorexia/ruminal stasis
severe met acidosis: tachypnoea, hyperpnoea = pH drops in bloodstream as well
D+
dehydration, shock, recumbency
DEATH
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19
Q

diagnosis of acute rumen acidosis?

A 
hx
CS
rumen pH (<5), rumen fermentation ceased
plasma pH/TCO2
PM
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20
Q

clinical pic of acute rumen acidosis

A

Affected cattle are completely off feed, exhibit drastically decreased milk production, are dehydrated, and have elevated heart and respiratory rates. They typically have a splashy, totally static rumen, cool skin surface, subnormal temperature, and diarrhoea or loose manure.
Affected animal are weak and can be recumbent depending on the entity of electrolytic imbalance.

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21
Q

consequences of acidosis

A

ruminitis (rumen papillae deformation, paraketosis)
ruminitis liver abscess complex (damage to rumen mucosa allows endotoxins, histamine & bact access to portal circulation)

22
Q

tx of acute rumen acidosis

A

consider rumenotomy if severe emergency
correct ruminal & met acidosis & dehydration (NaCO3 PO & IV)
encourage feeding on forage
rumen fn stimulants e.g. pro-rumen/vetrumex
xfer of rumen contents from healthy cattle
consider farm emergency slaughter

23
Q

what is the end stage presentation of acute rumen acidosis?

A

coughing up blood: vena cava thrombosis
blood clots being produced
PTS!

24
Q

what is SARA?

A

feeding of diets of high E density & low fibre content
rumen pH <5.5/5.2 or
fermentation disturbances
economically impt in high yielding dairy cattle & intensive fattening operations

25
Q

CS of SARA?

A

do not show specific CS

herd diagnosis - no indiv

26
Q

consequences of SARA?

A

decreased feed intake
loss of BCS (mainly in early lac)
increase lameness (laminitis/white line dx)
infertility
D+/soft faeces containing undigested material
milk fat depression (fermentation changes, decreased ratio acetate/propionate)
high culling rate
increased mastitis
dirty

27
Q

what should you do during rumen health visit?

A 
1. cattle outputs
milk records (milk yields, butterfat, protein, urea)
blood chem (urea, BHB, NEFAs)
2. cow signs 
weight loss/gain BCS
rumen fill
faeces Q (1-5)
rumen fluid (pH, analysis of microbes - microscopic inspection)
cudding/rumination rate
3. ration assessment & cow management
DMI, ration composition
feed space per cow, ad-lib access
28
Q

what would be the cattle outputs for dx?

A

milk records: low butterfat lvls can indicate ruminal acidosis
blood parameters: NEFAs & BHB - high lvls indicative of fat mobilisation & NEB; uera >6mmol/L suggests excess dietary protein/inadequate metabolise E

29
Q

what would be the cow signs for dx?

A 
BCS (1-5)
rumen fill score (1-5)
target scores:
-pre-calvers: 4
-fresh calvers & peak yields: 3-3.5
scores below these suggest problem in ration (acidosis but not just acidosis)

ruminal fluid pH <5.2 = acidosis; 5.2-5.8 = borderline; >5.9 = ok

30
Q

what is the target score for faecal consistency?

A

precalvers: 4
fresh calvers & peak yielders: 3
only fresh faeces!

31
Q

what is the target for faecal sieve score?

A

precalvers: 1 to 3

fresh calvers & peak yielders: 1-2

32
Q

what is an acceptable rumination rate?

A

60 chews per cud

60% of cows lying should be ruminating

33
Q

what rations should be used?

A 
good balanced ration
adequate long fibre
good Q forages
good mixing of diet (no sorting)
consistency of diet
limit parlour feeding
cow comfort
max DMI: adequate feed space per cow, ad-lib water & feed
34
Q

what are the indications for rumenotomy?

A

removal of FB:

  • metal bodies: traumatic reticulitis, traumatic reticuloperitonitis, reticulopericarditis
  • obstruction: reticuloomasal orifice, located @ distal part of oesophagus
  • used during oral meds

ruminal content

  • acute toxic ingestion
  • frothy bloat
  • grain overload
  • ruminal impaction

abscess drainage -perireticular

35
Q

what presurgical procedures are there?

A 
abs (broad spec)
NSAIDs
IVFT (if needed)
adequate restrain +/- sedation
regional anaesthesia block
36
Q

what is the surgical technique for rumenotomy?

A
  1. left flank laparotomy (incision 25cm length)
  2. rumen serosa sutured to skin (cushing pattern - cutting needle)
  3. vertical rumen wall incision (3cm from dorsal & ventral margins)
  4. remove rumen contents (by hand + creating syphon w tube)
  5. explore: ventral sac of rumen (FB), reticulum (FB & adhesions)
  6. palpation: transruminal - reticulum, omasum, abomasum; ruminoreticular fold, oesophageal orifice, omasal orifice
  7. remove FB
  8. abscess drainage (if poss.)
  9. place good Q magnet
  10. closure of ruminal incision
  11. release & allow to return to abdomen
  12. closure as for laparotomy
37
Q

what post sx care is needed?

A

antibiotherapy

NSAIDs

38
Q

sx complications?

A

peritonitis
incisional infection
seroma
abscesses

39
Q

signs of peritonitis?

A

painful abdomen
milk fever
drastic drop in milk production

40
Q

what can caecum dilatation & dislocation be presented as?

A

distention
displacement
retroflexion (displacement of caecal apex cranially)
torsion (twist of caecum along longitudinal axis)

partial/complete obs to passage of ingesta

41
Q

CS of caecum diltation & dislocation?

A 
acute onset of mild colic
norm - mod elevated HR
decreased appetite
reduced rumen motility
decreased to absent faecal output
distention of R flank 
\+ve succession & percussion auscultation of R flank
42
Q

diagnosis of caecum D&D?

A

rectal exam + CE

43
Q

rectal exam findings for simple dilatation?

A

rounded
dome shaped structure
15cm diameter
extending into pelvic inlet

44
Q

rectal exam findings for retroflexion?

A

not poss to differentiate from RDA/RVA

45
Q

rectal exam findings for caecal torsion?

A

same as simple dilatation
+
ileocaecal fold: taut, twisted & painful band
dilated loops of intestine

46
Q

tx of caecum D&D?

A

conservative tx: early stages of simple dilatation

  • prokinetic drugs
  • purgatives
  • IV infusion

sx tx: tx of choice!

  • no improvement after med tx attempt in early stages
  • suspected retroflexion/torsion
47
Q

indications for typhlotomy?

A

drainage of caecum content
+
prox loop of ascendant colon (PLAC)

48
Q

indications for typhlectomy?

A

partial: caecal necrosis, recurrent caecal dilatation-volvulus
complete: advanced caecal necrosis, advanced caecocolic necrosis

49
Q

sx technique for typhlotomy?

A

Local anaesthesia instead of general (easier manipulation of heavy ceacum with standing animal)

Right flank laparotomy
Incision 25-30 cm (vertical or slightly more caudal and caudodorsal to cranioventral direction)

Exteriorisation of the apex of the caecum (pushing gently with the palm of the hand)

Incision of 4 cm over the apex

Contents drainage

Massage of PLAC and caecum body towards to the apex

Incision closed with inverted pattern (e.g. Cushing)

Flush apex with warm saline solution

place back into the abdomen

If fills again with a large volume of ingesta – repeat point 3 to 7

If ceacum remain empty – 2nd layer of suture to close the apex definitively

Reposition of the ceacum in normal anatomic position and close abdomen

50
Q

surgical technique for typhlectomy?

A

Partial:

2% lidocaine infiltrated in the ileocecal fold

Mass ligatures to prevent haemorrhage from the vessels supplying the ilium

Clamped on the mesenteric and antimesenteric side of the ceacum

Resected 2-3 cm distally of the clamps

Close with two inverted layers

51
Q

what post sx care is there?

A

abs (penicillin)
NSAID
fluid therapy (if needed)
gradual intro of diet (25%, 75%, 100% @ 4th day)
paraffin oil (3L)/NaSO4 (300g in 10L water)

52
Q

complications of sx techniques?

A

recurrence 10%: 1st wk after typhlotomy, 12.5% in 1st yr

peritonitis due to devitilisation of intestinal wall/abdominal contamination during sx

mod 21 (12 decks)

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