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mod 21 > production dx > Flashcards

production dx Flashcards

1
Q

what is ionized Ca involved in?

A 
muscle contraction
blood coagulation
enzyme activity 
neural excitability
hormone secretion
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2
Q

what is the normal range for total blood Ca in an adult cow?

A

2.1 to 2.5mmol/L

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3
Q

what total blood Ca range would be considered subclin hypoCa?

A

1.38-2.0mmol/L

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4
Q

when does subclin hypoCa tend to occur?

A

periparturient period (50% of older cows)

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5
Q

what are the followed risks of having subclin hypoCa?

A 
ketosis 
DA
mastitis
metritis
fatty liver
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6
Q

what are the impacts of subclin hypoCa?

A

decreased fertility, milk yield, immunity

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7
Q

what results in a degree of hypoCa?

A

onset of lactation

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8
Q

what is the total blood Ca for milk fever?

A

<1.4mmol/L (failure of Ca homeostasis)

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9
Q

when does milk fever usually occur?

A

24h pre-partum or 72h pp

sometimes several wks pp

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10
Q

what are the impacts of milk fever during calving?

A

dystocia
stillbirths
RFM
uterine prolapse

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11
Q

what is milk fever?

A 
clin hypoCa
availability of Ca rather than true def 
life threatening!
increases risk of other dx (met & infectious)
age
breed
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12
Q

what is stage I milk fever CS?

A

excitability
nervous
weak
shift weight & shuffle HF

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13
Q

what is stage II milk fever CS?

A

sternal recumbency
mod to severe depression
partial paralysis
lying down w head turned into flank

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14
Q

what is stage III milk fever CS?

A

lateral recumbency
completely paralyzed
bloated
severe depression to coma

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15
Q

what CS is present in all stages?

A 
protrusion of tongue
thermoreg ability loss
cutaneous circulation depressed: cold extremities e.g. ears & dry muzzle
rumen stasis
increased HR
absent PLR
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16
Q

tx for stage I milk fever?

A

oral Ca: CaCl 50g; Ca proprionate 75-125g; CaCl + CaSO4 fat coated bolus

SC 23% Ca soln: divided for at least 4-5 sites 75ml each; may be ineffective in dehydrated cows

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17
Q

tx for stage II and III milk fever?

A 
IV Ca (jugular vein) 
500ml of 23% Ca borogluconate (10g Ca)
400ml of 40% Ca borogluconate (12g Ca) 
slow admin - sudden increase in HR > arrhythmia > STOP! 
\+ 
oral Ca: once cow is alert & able to swallow +12h later
or
Sc Ca 
\+ 
palliative care
18
Q

what are the early signs of tx responsiveness for stage II and III?

A 
tremors
PLR
wet muzzle
eructation 
urination 
defaecation
19
Q

prevention for hypoCa?

A

nutrition pre-calving:
low Ca diet at prepartum (<100g)
nutritional antagonists/binders of Ca (zeolite)
Vit D supplementation
assurance dietary magnesium supply (0.4%)
slight acidification of blood reducing ratio of strong cations (Na+/K+) to strong anions (Cl- + S^2-) to increase PTH activity (DCAD diet): monitor urine pH > can result in met acidosis
Ca supplementation @ calving
monitor Ca in blood (24-48h pp)

20
Q

what management approach should be used to prevent hypoCa?

A 
good management:
avoid stress
no overcrowding
no group movement
social factors
feed management (low K silage) 
etc.
21
Q

what is hypoMg?

A 
more common in beef, but also occur in dairy: risk factor for milk fever 
life threatening to cow (acute cases) 
sudden death (e.g. 4-8wks pp beef cattle - peracute cases)
22
Q

what are the risk factors for hypoMg?

A

older cows (decreased ability to absorb dietary Mg)
rapid changes of diet: lush grass (moving fields), low fibre (straw can slow rumen transit), weather (rain leaching), diet restriction (inadequate supply/ration access)
high lvls of K/ammonia
low lvls of Na

23
Q

how does hypoMg result in milk fever?

A

decreased secretion PTH (<1.4mg/dL)

decreased tissue sensitivity to PTH (<1.6mg/dL)

24
Q

what is the normal lvl of mg in an adult cow?

A

plasma: 0.80-1.0mmol/L
CSF: approx. 1mmol/L

dietary Mg absorption
young calves - small intestine
adult - rumen: [Mg] in rumen fluid, Mg transport mechanism (Na vs K)

25
Q

when should blood sampling be done for hypoMg?

A

10 cows
w/i 12h pp - periparturient cow status
1st weeks of lactation: lactating cow’s diet

26
Q

what is hypoMg tetany?

A

<0.5mmol/L (plasma)

ataxia + tetanic muscle spasms + hyperexcitability + hyperesthesia

27
Q

what lvl of Mg would result in seizures & convulsions?

A

<0.4mmol/L (CSF)

28
Q

tx for seizures & convulsions from hypoMg?

A

IV Mg
IV sedation (xylazine: 0.05mg/kg)
IV MgSO4 20% (200-300ml) - slow admin: cardiotoxicity
if have resp distress, excessive slowing/increase HR: STOP admin!
or
Mg & other macroelements IV + Mg SC
IV sedation (pentobarbitone: 3mg/kg; xylazine: 0.05mg/kg)
IV MgSO4 (30ml 25% soln)
combine w
Ca borogluconate (400ml 40% soln) - remaining 370ml SC (over at least 4 sites)

29
Q

other tx for hypomg?

A

Mg SC: SC inj MgSO4 50% soln (200ml - at least 4 sites)

Mg enema: rectal infusion of Mg salts (MgCl up to 5 tbsp in 250ml warm water)

30
Q

what should you check for if hypoMg relapses 12-24h after tx?

A

check dietary intake (40g)

offer concentrates, see risk factors

31
Q

prevention for hypoMg?

A 
K&Na content in diet
molasses-based licks/buckets (Mg & Na)
concentrates w Mg & Na
water medicated w Mg salts
intraruminal boluses containing Mg
pastures dusted w calcined magnesite 
ensure adequate ration intakes!
32
Q

causes of hypophos

A 
inadequate dietary P supply (diet/soil)
excessive P losses
compartmental P shifts (dextrose/insulin) 
combi of several mechanisms:
- increased milk ptdn
- decline of DMI
- increase glu & cortisol @ parturitiion 
- renal losses
33
Q

what are normal levels of phosphate in an adult cow?

A

1.4-2.6mmol/L (serum)

34
Q

what are norm lvls of phosphate in growing cattle?

A

1.9-2.6mmol/L (serum)

35
Q

what lvl of phosphate = severe hypophos

A

<0.5mmol/L (serum)

36
Q

when does acute hypophos occur in dairy cows?

A

ard parturition

early lactation

37
Q

which animals tend to get chronic hypophos?

A

grazing animals in arid regions - low P soil content

fast growing calves: low P ration/milk

38
Q

CS for acute hypophos?

A

muscle weakness
recumbency
IV haemolysis

downer cow syndrome
periparturient haemoglobinuria

39
Q

CS for chronic hypophos

A 
bone demineralisation 
impaired fertility
anorexia
pica (abnormal eating)
poor growth/weight loss
impaired milk pdtn
40
Q

tx for hypophos (anorexic cattle)

A

oral supplementation: NaPO4 salts 150-270g, monoK phos, monoCa phos 200-400g

41
Q

tx for hypophos (recumbent cattle)

A 
slow IV inj: NaPO4 salts
-Na glycerophosphate
-can result in life-threatening hyperK
\+ 
oral supp,
42
Q

prevention for hypophos?

A

grazing animals:

  • fertilising soil w phosphorus
  • free access to high-phosphorous minerals
  • water supp

mod 21 (12 decks)

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