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Geography U1 Human > Roots > Flashcards

Roots Flashcards

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1
Q

what are 3 data sources to analyse population change?

A
  1. national: cesus
  2. local: parish registers
  3. personal: family stories, genealogy
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2
Q

how has family size in the UK changed since 1901?

A
  • 1901: 40 million
  • 2007: 60 million
  • typically 2 children to one house
  • life expectancy risen = grandparents = increased extended family
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3
Q

how has population structure changed since 1901 in the UK?

A
  • top heavy
  • 1931 VS now
  • over 65yrs= 7% to 16%
  • under 16yrs = 24% to 19%
  • larger demographic of elderly + smaller demographic of youngsters
  • avg age of death increased
  • 1901 = 50 M / 57 W
  • now = 77 M / 82 W
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4
Q

How have migration trends changed over time in the UK?

A
  • ‘south-east drift’ = movement away from N mining towns to service sector jobs
  • 26% pop live in London
  • counter-urbanisation
  • age selective migration: elderly to coasts + young to Uni towns
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5
Q

how have employment trends changed over time in the UK?

A
  • decline in manufacturing, farming + mining jobs

- employment heavily ‘white collar’, tertiary sector jobs

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6
Q

how have social status and aspirations changes in the UK over time?

A
  • from ‘working class’ to ‘middle class’

- social mobility: avg wages rose + higher education (Uni)

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7
Q

how has ethnicity changed over time in the UK?

A
  • minority groups are 8% whole UK pop
  • 1950s inward migration from former colonies
  • London home to 100,000 French
  • 60% people living in Newham, London, not white
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8
Q

Explain the reasons for population change in Phase 1, pre 1970s

A
  • pop growing from natural increase
  • death rate fall since 1800s - health + hygiene
  • birth rate fell to same level as death rate in 70s (after Baby Boom)
  • pop grew from 40 mill 1901 to 55 1970
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9
Q

Explain the reasons for population change in Phase 2, post 1970s

A
  • slow pop growth due to immigration
  • 2007, birth rates increasing again = migrant women child-bearing age
  • 1/4 all births foreign
  • 55mill to 61mill 1971 - 2007
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10
Q

what are the 4 main reasons for the decline in birth rate in the UK?

A
  1. womens status & pay: avg age kids = 30
  2. contraception + education: pill 1961, abortion 1960s
  3. cost: £150,000 child cost
  4. global connections: global depression 1930s, limit family size
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11
Q

what are 4 main reasons for longer life expectancy in the UK?

A
  1. healthcare: 1940s NHS & polio vaccination
  2. hygiene/sanitation/safety: 15 leave school, seat-belts
  3. nutrition/diet/lifestyle: smoking ban 2007
  4. global connections: dangerous jobs became automated, mechanisation
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12
Q

how much does it cost to raise a child in the UK?

A

£150, 000

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13
Q

what is the average age women start a family in the UK?

A

30 yrs

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14
Q

when were the pill + abortion legalised in the UK?

A

1960s

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15
Q

when was public smoking banned in the Uk?

A

2007

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16
Q

how are internal factors impacting families in the UK?

A
  • migration encouraged: postwar slum cleaning + New Town policies
  • employment encouraged: A level take up increased + Uni’s expand
  • larger variety of ethnicity, postWW2 labour needed for economic recovery
17
Q

how are external factors impacting families in the UK?

A
  • ‘southeast drift’ caused by factory closures in North, cleaper labour in NICs
  • uk govn stopped subsidies for industries that had become globally uncompetitive (coal mining), enhance finance + media sector
  • ethnicity: more Polish, 600,000 in Uk 2004
18
Q

what evidence is there for internal + external factors impacting families in the UK?

A
  • migration trends
  • changes in ethnicity
  • employment/status changes
19
Q

how many poles have moved to the uk since 2004?

A

600, 000

20
Q

what caused southeast drift migration in the uk?

A

northerners finding work after factories closed from cheaper labour abroad

21
Q

what did the UK govn do to decrease amount of men employed as miners?

A

stopped subsides given to globally uncompetitive industries, less than 10,000 work in coal mining anymore

22
Q

what did the UK govn do to increase migration within the UK after the war?

A

new town policies + slum clean up programme

23
Q

why was there a large influx of immigrants into the UK post ww2?

A

UK needed large labour force from colonies for economic recovery

24
Q

what does the dependancy ratio show?

A

compares proportion of earning vs non-earning people in a population

25
Q

what does a dependancy ratio of 70 and above reveal about a population?

A

lack of balance - high number of dependants compared to working taxpayers

26
Q

how do you calculate the dependancy ratio?

A

pop un 16 + pop ov 65 multiple whole sum by 100

pop 15-64

27
Q

Give evidence to show the UK is suffering with a greying population

A

60% pop work + pay state pensions of 21% retired

28
Q

how is the greying population predicted to get worse by 2030 in the UK?

A

56% pop work, pay state pensions for 27% retired

29
Q

what are the economic costs of a greying population in the UK?

A
  1. 11yrs time Baby Boom generation retire = £30 billion annually
  2. to fund more care homes/ service = council taxes rise
  3. coastal homes will rise in value (triple), expensive for youngsters
30
Q

what are the social costs of a greying population in the UK?

A
  • increase in mental illnesses in elderly

- alzheimers = emotional burden

31
Q

how do the Uk retired get their income?

A
  • state pension - 1946 men 65+
  • free TV licences to 75+
  • £200 winter fuel allowance
  • company/personal pensions: pay retired employee portion of salary
  • elderly work as skilled consultants
  • kids support income for grandparents
32
Q

how much fuel allowance is given to the elderly by the british govn?

A

£200 winter fuel allowance

33
Q

what are the benefits of an ageing population?

A
  • voluntary charity work
  • spend money on goods + services (grey pound)
  • earning money + tax
  • wisdom/experience to politics
34
Q

what will happen to british demographics in 2047

A

no. over 60 will exceed no. under 15

Geography U1 Human (7 decks)

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