what are 3 data sources to analyse population change?
- national: cesus
- local: parish registers
- personal: family stories, genealogy
how has family size in the UK changed since 1901?
- 1901: 40 million
- 2007: 60 million
- typically 2 children to one house
- life expectancy risen = grandparents = increased extended family
how has population structure changed since 1901 in the UK?
- top heavy
- 1931 VS now
- over 65yrs= 7% to 16%
- under 16yrs = 24% to 19%
- larger demographic of elderly + smaller demographic of youngsters
- avg age of death increased
- 1901 = 50 M / 57 W
- now = 77 M / 82 W
How have migration trends changed over time in the UK?
- ‘south-east drift’ = movement away from N mining towns to service sector jobs
- 26% pop live in London
- counter-urbanisation
- age selective migration: elderly to coasts + young to Uni towns
how have employment trends changed over time in the UK?
- decline in manufacturing, farming + mining jobs
- employment heavily ‘white collar’, tertiary sector jobs
how have social status and aspirations changes in the UK over time?
- from ‘working class’ to ‘middle class’
- social mobility: avg wages rose + higher education (Uni)
how has ethnicity changed over time in the UK?
- minority groups are 8% whole UK pop
- 1950s inward migration from former colonies
- London home to 100,000 French
- 60% people living in Newham, London, not white
Explain the reasons for population change in Phase 1, pre 1970s
- pop growing from natural increase
- death rate fall since 1800s - health + hygiene
- birth rate fell to same level as death rate in 70s (after Baby Boom)
- pop grew from 40 mill 1901 to 55 1970
Explain the reasons for population change in Phase 2, post 1970s
- slow pop growth due to immigration
- 2007, birth rates increasing again = migrant women child-bearing age
- 1/4 all births foreign
- 55mill to 61mill 1971 - 2007
what are the 4 main reasons for the decline in birth rate in the UK?
- womens status & pay: avg age kids = 30
- contraception + education: pill 1961, abortion 1960s
- cost: £150,000 child cost
- global connections: global depression 1930s, limit family size
what are 4 main reasons for longer life expectancy in the UK?
- healthcare: 1940s NHS & polio vaccination
- hygiene/sanitation/safety: 15 leave school, seat-belts
- nutrition/diet/lifestyle: smoking ban 2007
- global connections: dangerous jobs became automated, mechanisation
how much does it cost to raise a child in the UK?
£150, 000
what is the average age women start a family in the UK?
30 yrs
when were the pill + abortion legalised in the UK?
1960s
when was public smoking banned in the Uk?
2007
how are internal factors impacting families in the UK?
- migration encouraged: postwar slum cleaning + New Town policies
- employment encouraged: A level take up increased + Uni’s expand
- larger variety of ethnicity, postWW2 labour needed for economic recovery
how are external factors impacting families in the UK?
- ‘southeast drift’ caused by factory closures in North, cleaper labour in NICs
- uk govn stopped subsidies for industries that had become globally uncompetitive (coal mining), enhance finance + media sector
- ethnicity: more Polish, 600,000 in Uk 2004
what evidence is there for internal + external factors impacting families in the UK?
- migration trends
- changes in ethnicity
- employment/status changes
how many poles have moved to the uk since 2004?
600, 000
what caused southeast drift migration in the uk?
northerners finding work after factories closed from cheaper labour abroad
what did the UK govn do to decrease amount of men employed as miners?
stopped subsides given to globally uncompetitive industries, less than 10,000 work in coal mining anymore
what did the UK govn do to increase migration within the UK after the war?
new town policies + slum clean up programme
why was there a large influx of immigrants into the UK post ww2?
UK needed large labour force from colonies for economic recovery
what does the dependancy ratio show?
compares proportion of earning vs non-earning people in a population
