Root of the neck & Prevertebral Muscles

Question 1

what is the anterior boundary of the root of the neck?

Answer 1

• top of manubrium
• superior border of clavicle

Question 2

what is the posterior boundary of the root of neck?

Answer 2

• body of T1
• superior margin of scapula to corocoid process

Question 3

what is the lateral boundary of root of neck?

Answer 3

• first pair of ribs
• costal cartilages

Question 4

what is the inferior boundary of the root of the neck?

Answer 4

• superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)
• axillary inlets

Question 5

where does the right subclavian artery pass through?

Answer 5

passes through the cervicoaxillary canal into the axilla & upper limb to become the axillary artery

Question 6

where does the change in name from Subclavian to Axillary artery occur?

Answer 6

the lateral border of the first rib

Question 7

what is the apex of the lung (summit) located?

Answer 7

-2.5cm above middle 1/3 of clavicle

Question 8

what is the parietal pleura?

Answer 8

lines pulmonary cavities & adheres to thoracic wall, mediastinum & diaphragm

Question 9

what is cervical pleura?

Answer 9

the superior continuation of the costal & mediastinal parts of the parietal pleura

Question 10

what does the cervical pleura form superiorly?

Answer 10

a cup-like dome called the pleural cupola

Question 11

why is the cervical pleura in children more susceptible to injury?

Answer 11

since it extends higher due to the relatively short length of the neck

Question 12

why are injuries to the root/base of neck dangerous?

Answer 12

they can compromise the lungs & pleural sacs

Question 13

where does visceral pleura adhere to?

Answer 13

it adheres very closely to the lungs including in its fissures

Question 14

what is the suprapleural membrane/Sibson’s fascia?

Answer 14

a strong fibrous connective tissue that is an extension of the endothoracic fascia, reinforces the cervical pleura

Question 15

what does the suprapleural membrane (Sibson’s fascia) act as a barrier to?

Answer 15

acts as a barrier to prevent changes in intrathoracic pressure

Question 16

what is the BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK covered by anteriorly?

Answer 16

• sternohyoid
• sternothyroid

Question 17

What three branches come off from the aortic arch?

Answer 17

1 - brachiocephalic trunk
2 - left common carotid artery
3 - left subclavian artery

Question 18

where do both subclavian arteries start?

Answer 18

both start posterior to their respective sternoclavicular joints to ascend through the superior thoracic aperture to enter the root of the neck

Question 19

what lies posterior to the 1st part of the subclavian artery?

Answer 19

• cervical pleurae
• apices of lungs

Question 20

where does the first part of the subclavian artery lie?

Answer 20

Medical to anterior scalene muscle

Question 21

where does the 2nd part of the subclavian artery lie?

Answer 21

posterior to anterior scalene muscle

Question 22

where does the 3rd part of the subclavian artery lie?

Answer 22

lateral to the anterior scalene muscle

Question 23

what part of the subclavian artery is the longest & most superficial?

Answer 23

3rd part

Question 24

what lies directly posterior to the 3rd part of the subclavian artery?

Answer 24

trunks of brachial plexus

Question 25

what are the branch parts that arise from the subclavian artery?

Answer 25

• cervical part
• vertebral part
• suboccipital part

Question 26

what is the travel path of the vertebral artery?

Answer 26

ascends in neck as cervical part to enter foramen transversarium of C6 & ascends through C1 to C6 as vertebral part

Question 27

what subclavian artery branches make up the cervical part?

Answer 27

• vertebral artery
• thyrocervical trunk
• internal thoracic artery

Question 28

what does the vertebral artery eventually become?

Answer 28

the basilar artery

Question 29

what does the thyrocervical trunk ascend to give off?

Answer 29

• inferior thyroid artery
• transverse cervical artery
• suprascapular artery

Question 30

what are the terminal branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

Answer 30

• inferior thyroid artery
• ascending cervical artery

Question 31

what does the costocervical trunk ascend to give off?

Answer 31

Ascends posteromedially & divides into:
- supreme intercostal artery
- deep cervical artery

Question 32

what are the subclavian vein and subclavian artery divided by?

Answer 32

anterior scalene muscle

Question 33

what is the function of the subclavian vein?

Answer 33

major venous drainage from upper limb

Question 34

what is the thoracic duct?

Answer 34

a major lymphatic drainage channel

Question 35

where can the thoracic duct be found?

Answer 35

between the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein

Question 36

what is the function of prevertebral muscles?

Answer 36

act to flex & in some areas rotate the head and neck

Question 37

what are the anterior vertebral muscles?

Answer 37

• longus colli
• longus capitis
• rectus capitis anterior
• anterior scalene

Question 38

what are the lateral vertebral muscles?

Answer 38

• rectus capitis lateralis
• splenius capitis
• levator scapulae
• middle & posterior scalenes

Question 39

what is the function of the longus colli?

Answer 39

flexes neck with rotation to opposite side (unilaterally)

Question 40

what is the function of the longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior & anterior scalene?

Answer 40

flex head

Question 41

what is the function of the rectus capitis lateralis?

Answer 41

flexes & stabilises head

Question 42

what is the function of the splenius capitis?

Answer 42

• laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to same side
• bilaterally extends head and neck

Question 43

what is the function of the middle & posterior scalenes?

Answer 43

• flex neck laterally
• middle scalene elevates 1st rib and 2nd during forced inspiration

Question 44

what is the function of the levator scapulae?

Answer 44

• elevates scapula & rotates it