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BDS3 ANATOMY > Osteology of skull, hyoid & cervical spine > Flashcards

Osteology of skull, hyoid & cervical spine Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most complex bony structure in the body?

A

The skull
- made up of 23 separate bones

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2
Q

what are the functions of the skull?

A
  • houses & protects the brain, brain stem, cranial nerves & vasculature
  • protects the 5 organs of special sense
  • provides attatchment for muscles
  • provides framework for the head
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3
Q

what are the 5 special senses?

A
  • olfaction (smell)
  • vision
  • taste
  • vestibular function
  • auditory function
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4
Q

what is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

joint at base of skull & cervical spine

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5
Q

what type of bones is the skull composed of?

A
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
  • pneumatised bones
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6
Q

what is the difference between flat and irregular bones?

A

FLAT BONES
- formed by intramembranous ossification

IRREGULAR BONES
- formed by endochondral ossification

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7
Q

what are pneumatised bones?

A

bones with air spaces (air cells or sinuses)

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8
Q

what are examples of pneumatised bones?

A
  • frontal bone
  • temporal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • ethmoid bone
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9
Q

what are the functions of pneumatised bones in the skull?

A
  • reduce weight of skull
  • add resonance to our voice
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10
Q

what are the developmental divisions of the skull?

A

Neurocranium
- portion of skull that protects the brain & organs of special sense
Viscerocranium
- facial skeleton (relating to the digestive & respiratory systems)

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11
Q

what is the Norma Frontalis?

A

the anterior view of the skull

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12
Q

what is the Norma Lateralis?

A

the lateral (side) view of the skull

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13
Q

what is the Norma Occipitalis?

A

the posterior view of the skull

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14
Q

what is the Norma Basalis?

A

the inferior view of the skull

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15
Q

what is the Norma Verticalis?

A

the superior view of the skull

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16
Q

What bones make up the Neurocranium?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal x2
  • Occipital
  • Sphenoid
  • Temporal x2
  • Ethmoid
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17
Q

what bones make up the Viscerocranium?

A
  • Ethmoid
  • Palatine x2
  • Lacrimal x2
  • Nasal x2
  • Zygomatic x2
  • Vomer
  • Inferior Nasal Concha x2
  • Maxilla x2
  • Mandible
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18
Q

what is the zygomatic arch?

A

arch formed between the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

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19
Q

what is the external acoustic meatus?

A

the ear canal!

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20
Q

What is the temporal fossa?

A

an area on the side of the cranium from which the temporal muscle arises

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21
Q

What are the anterior borders of the temporal fossa?

A
  • frontal process of zygomatic bone
  • zygomatic process of frontal bone
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22
Q

what is the inferior border of the temporal fossa?

A
  • infratemporal crest deep to zygomatic arch
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23
Q

What is the Vertex?

A

superior point of the neurocranium and is centred in the middle

24
Q
A

junction of the sagittal & coronal suture (where they meet)

25
Q

what is the Lambda?

A

junction of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures

26
Q

what is the Inion?

A

most prominent point of the external occipital protuberance

27
Q

what is the Asterion?

A

star shaped junction between the occipital, parietal and temporal bones

28
Q

What is the nasion?

A

where the frontonasal and internasal sutures meet

29
Q

what is the Glabella?

A
  • a smooth part of frontal bone superior to the root of the nose
  • the most anterior projecting part of the forehead
30
Q

What is the Pterion?

A
  • H-shaped junction of sutures (where the frontal, parietal, temporal & greater wing of sphenoid meet)
31
Q

What is interesting about the Pterion?

A

structurally weak point of the skull

32
Q

Why is an injury to the pterion clinically relevant?

A
  • vulnerable to injury as structurally weak
  • overlies the anterior branch of middle meningeal artery
  • if pterion fractures this artery may rupture
33
Q

what can trauma to the pterion lead to?

A

rupture of the anterior branch of middle meningeal artery which can cause an extramural haematoma (bleed between skull & dura)

34
Q

How can the surface anatomy of the Pterion be described?

A
  • 4cm superior to midpoint of zygomatic arch
  • 3cm posterior to frontal process of zygomatic bone
35
Q

what are Wormian bones?

A

irregularly shaped small bones found along sutures that occur naturally
- most commonly seen on lambdoid sutures

36
Q

What are sutures?

A

a type of fibrous joint (bound together by Sharpey’s fibres)

37
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

fibrous membranes that fuse in post-natal life
- allow for moulding of cranial shape during birth

38
Q

what is the Vomer bone?

A

forms the posterior inferior part of nasal septum

39
Q

what passes through the carotid canal?

A

Interior carotid artery

40
Q

what passes through the Jugular foramen?

A
  • inferior petrosal sinus
  • sigmoid sinus
  • posterior meningeal artery
  • cranial nerves IX, X and XI (glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory)
41
Q

what passes through the foramen magnum?

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • venous plexus
42
Q

What passes through the Foramen Spinosum?

A
  • middle meningeal artery
  • middle meningeal vein
  • meningeal branch of the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve CNV3
43
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7 cervical vertebrae
- C1 to C7

44
Q

What vertebrae are considered atypical?

A

C1, C2 and C7

45
Q

What vertebrae are considered typical?

A

C3 to C6

46
Q

what is vertebrae C1 also known as?

A

Atlas

47
Q

What are the characteristics of vertebrae C1?

A
  • no body
  • no spinous process
  • has an anterior arch and a posterior arch
  • facets articulate with occipital condyle of skull or dens
48
Q

what is vertebrae C2 also known as?

A

Axis

49
Q

what are the characteristics of vertebrae C2?

A
  • dens (odontoid process) located on bodies superior surface
  • spinous process is large and bifid
50
Q

what is characteristic of vertebrae C7?

A

long spinous process that is NOT bifid

51
Q

what is the function of Alar ligaments?

A

prevent excessive rotation of head & neck, also connect dens to occipital condyles

52
Q

what is the Hyoid bone?

A

U-shaped bone found at C3 level in anterior neck
- does NOT articulate with any other skeletal elements
- suspended by muscles & ligaments

53
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical spine?

A

7

54
Q

What structures does the ligamentum nuchae attach to?

A

attaches external occipital protuberance & foramen magnum to the spinous processes of clinical vertebrae (to C7)

55
Q

what is the function of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

supports head & resists flexion, attachment point for muscles

BDS3 ANATOMY (26 decks)

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