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BDS3 ANATOMY > Clinical Applications of Anatomy > Flashcards

Clinical Applications of Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Emergency Airway? When might this be performed?

A
  • procedure in which the CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT is pierced by a fine 1mm needle when patient cannot breathe
  • e.g Anaphylactic shock
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2
Q

What is Goitre? What causes this?

A
  • enlarged thyroid gland
  • often caused by Grave’s disease or iodine deficiency
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3
Q

Goitre can occur in a patient with Grave’s disease, what other clinical sign should you look for?

A

Exopthalmos of the eye (bulging/protrudin)

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4
Q

What occurs in a patient with congestive cardiac failure?

A

The external jugular vein becomes distended
- Bruit may be heard (audible turbulent blood flow)

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5
Q

What is temporal arteritis? What does it cause?

A

Also known as Horton’s Disease
- superficial temporal artery becomes inflamed
- leads to decreased oxygen supply causing BLINDNESS and STROKE

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6
Q

what type of haemorrhage may occur if there is a large blow to the pterion?

A

Extradural haemorrhage of the middle meningeal artery
- blood gathers between dura mater and skull

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7
Q

What nerve innervates the pinna of the ear?

A

Great auricular nerve

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8
Q

What areas are innervated by the great auricular nerve?

A
  • angle of mandible
  • skin over parotid gland
  • mastoid process
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9
Q

What causes a drooping eyelid & loss of sweating on the same side? what’s another symptom of this?

A

Damage to the sympathetic trunk (Horner’s syndrome)
- drooping eyelid

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10
Q

Where does the submandibular duct enter the mouth?

A

Sublingual caruncles (sublingual papilla) under the tongue

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11
Q

what nerve is at risk during surgery to the submandibular gland/duct?

A

Lingual nerve

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12
Q

Why does laceration to the lip cause excessive bleeding?

A

Rupture of inferior labial branch of facial artery where the left & right sides anastomose

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13
Q

What muscle is responsible for protrusion of the mandible?

A

Lateral pterygoid

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14
Q

Which muscle tendon inserts on the coronoid process?

A

Temporalis muscle tendon

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15
Q

If there is a stroke on the right hand side of the brain, what muscle groups will be affected?

A

Muscles on the lower LHS of face & tongue

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16
Q

What nerve innervates the motor supply of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal

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17
Q

What muscle protrudes the tongue?

A

Genioglossus

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18
Q

What is long standing ear ache called?

A

Chronic otitis media

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19
Q

What nerve is at risk of damage during surgery to the middle ear?

A

Facial nerve (chorda tympani)

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20
Q

What nerve causes the shoulders to roll?

A

Accessory nerve

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21
Q

What muscle causes the shoulders to roll?

A

Trapezius

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22
Q

What muscles does the Accessory nerve supply?

A
  • SCM
  • Trapezius
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23
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

Swelling on the internal carotid artery that contains baroreceptors that monitor blood pressure

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24
Q

Which nerve supplies the carotid sinus?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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25
Q

Where do fish bones tend to get stuck?

A

Valecula

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26
Q

Which type of haemorrhage would you expect to see bruising on the side of head?

A

Extradural haemorrhage (epidural haematoma)

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27
Q

What artery is typically ruptured in a extradural haemorrhage?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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28
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the larynx?

A

Vagus nerve

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29
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the larynx?

A

Stratified squamous

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30
Q

Where do the nodes from the maxillary sinus drain?

A

Submandibular nodes

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31
Q

What can extraction of a maxillary molar cause?

A

Oro antral communication with the maxillary sinus (if roots become stuck in the sinus this can lead to a fistula)

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32
Q

What supplies sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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33
Q

What supplies sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Lingual nerve

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34
Q

What supplies taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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35
Q

What supplies taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani (facial nerve)

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36
Q

What nerve is damaged if the patient has a fixed dilated pupil?

A

Occulomotor nerve

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37
Q

What muscle constricts the pupil?

A

Constrictor pupillae muscle

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38
Q

What can cause the contents of the orbit to drop into the maxillary sinus?

A

Blow out fracture

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39
Q

What can be damaged in laceration to the medial eye?

A

Lacrimal caniculli

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40
Q

What is yellow sclera indicative of?

A

Jaundice

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41
Q

What condition causes proptosis of the eye?

A

Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism)

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42
Q

What innervates the ear?

A

Vestibulocochlear

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43
Q

What name is given to an infection of the external ear?

A

Otitis externa

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44
Q

How can bacteria in the face spread to the cavernous sinus?

A

Via the sphenoid emissary vein

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45
Q

Which haemorrhage results after rupture of cerebral veins?

A

Subdural

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46
Q

Which haemorrhage results from a berry aneurism of a cerebral artery?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

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47
Q

Which nerve supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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48
Q

To which side, affected or unaffected, does the tongue deviate in a palsy of CNXII?

A

Unaffected

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49
Q

What produces CSF in the ventricles?

A

Choroid plexus

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50
Q

What does the pineal gland affect?

A

Sleep patterns

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51
Q

What is at risk of rupture during a pharyngeal recess biopsy?

A

Internal carotid artery

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52
Q

What is vertebrobasilar ischaemia?

A

When blood flow to the back of brain reduces or stops (occlusion of vertebral & basilar artery when head turns)
- causes dizziness

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53
Q

What disease is a tumour of plasma cells?

A

Multiple myeloma

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54
Q

What causes a thickening of the bones of the forehead?

A

Padget’s disease

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55
Q

What vessel is beneath the pterion?

A

middle meningeal artery

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56
Q

What bones form the pterion?

A
  • temporal
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • sphenoid
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57
Q

What is the function of arachnoid granulations?

A

Transmit cerebrospinal fluid into the venous system

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58
Q

Which fold of dura separates the right & left cerebral hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebri

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59
Q

Which fold of dura mater separates the cerebrum from the cerebelli?

A

tentorium cerebelli

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60
Q

What does the sub-arachnoid space contain?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

61
Q

Which artery do the vertebral arteries converge to form?

A

Basilar artery

62
Q

What is the purpose of the Circle of Willis

A

Provides collateral blood flow between anterior & posterior circulations of the brain
- equalises pressure
- no sudden surges of blood in the brain

63
Q

What can cause an optic disturbance through pressure on the optic chiasm?

A

Tumour of the pituitary gland or swelling of ICA

64
Q

What condition causes ringing in the ears?

A

Tinnitus

65
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory
- 9
- 10
- 11

66
Q

Which nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Vestibulocochlear & facial
- 7
- 8

67
Q

Which sinus passes through the jugular foramen?

A

Sigmoid sinus

68
Q

What causes cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A

If an upper third molar forms an abscess this can act as a source of bacteria, this bacteria can pass through the sphenoidal emissary vein into the cavernous sinus (the blood flow is slow here so the bacteria can multiply & cause thrombosis formation)

69
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary artery (of CNV)

70
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular nerve (of CNV)

71
Q

Which lobes are separated by the central sulcus?

A

Frontal & parietal

72
Q

What are the four loaves of the cerebral hemisphere?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
73
Q

What area of the body does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Lower limbs

74
Q

What area of the body does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A
  • head & neck
  • trunk
  • upper limbs
75
Q

What area of the body does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Visual cortex

76
Q

Which area involves movement in the pre-central gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex

77
Q

How does CSF pass from the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle?

A

Through the inter-ventricular foramen

78
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

Elongated ridges on floor of lateral ventricle associated with memory, emotion & the ANS

79
Q

At which vertebra does the vertebral artery enter the foramen transversarium?

A

C6

80
Q

Which can ischaemia of the vertebral artery cause visual disturbance?

A

Vertebral artery supplies posterior parts of the cerebral hemisphere (visual cortex location)

81
Q

Where is the superior cervical ganglion found?

A

Near the carotid bifurcation

82
Q

Where is the middle cervical ganglion found?

A

Can be found on the loop near the subclavian artery

83
Q

What pharyngeal arch are the muscles of mastication derived from?

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

84
Q

In which ventricle is the choroid plexus found

A

Lateral ventricle

85
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

86
Q

What pierces the buccinator?

A

Parotid duct

87
Q

Which muscle of mastication depresses the mandible?

A

Lateral pterygoid

88
Q

Which other muscle is supplied by the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar nerve?

A

Anterior belly of digastric muscle

89
Q

What is Ludwig’s angina?

A

Serious bacterial infection of the floor of the mouth, neck & jaw. Typically occurs from tooth abscess

90
Q

Which extrinsic nerve is not supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, what is it instead supplied by?

A

Palatoglossus muscle
- Vagus nerve innervation

91
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve joins to the lingual nerve?

A

Chorda tympani

92
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A
  • oropharynx
  • nasopharynx
  • laryngopharynx
93
Q

Which three muscles arise from the styloid process?

A
  • stylohyoid
  • styloglossus
  • stylopharyngeus
94
Q

Name the only muscle in the palate not innervated by the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Tensor veli palatini

95
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the nasal septum?

A

Hyaline cartilage

96
Q

Which bone are the middle & superior concha part of?

A

Ethmoid bone

97
Q

Which sinuses open into the hiatus semilunaris?

A
  • frontal sinus
  • maxillary sinus
98
Q

What epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells

99
Q

Which meatus does the sphenoid air sinus open into?

A

Superior meatus

100
Q

what branch of the subclavian artery are the inferior thyroid, transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries from?

A

thyrocervical trunk

101
Q

What name is given to an enlargement of the thyroid gland?

A

Goitre

102
Q

Why does the thyroid gland move upwards with the larynx on swallowing?

A

The pharyngeal elevator muscle fibres are attached to the thyroid cartilage, causing simultaneous elevation

103
Q

What is the principle enzyme produced by the parotid gland?

A

Amylase

104
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A
  • close the eyelids gently
  • close the eyelids tightly
105
Q

Which two branches of the facial nerve supply the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A
  • temporal branch
  • zygomatic branch
106
Q

Which muscle of mastication retracts the mandible?

A

Temporalis

107
Q

Which muscle of mastication attaches to the zygomatic arch?

A

masseter

108
Q

Which cerebral artery supplies the head and neck area of the motor cortex?

A

Middle cerebral artery

109
Q

Which cranial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that pass to the submandibular ganglion?

A

Facial nerve

110
Q

Which type of haemorrhage around the brain results in a sudden loss of consciousness and blood in the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

111
Q

Give two clinical signs that might raise suspicion of thrombosis in the cavernous sinus?

A
  • proptosis of eyes
  • visual disturbances
112
Q

When there is a cerebrovascular accident involving the motor pathway through the brain, the muscles of which two specific regions of the head are likely to be paralysed?

A

Unable to move any facial muscles below the eyebrow on the opposite side of face & tongue too

113
Q

Where does the submandibular gland open into the oral cavity?

A

The sublingual papilla (caruncle)

114
Q

Which salivary gland is arranged around the free edge of the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Sublingual gland

115
Q

What is the role of the buccinator during eating?

A

Ensures bolus remains between occlusal biting surfaces on molars

116
Q

What nerve is being tested if the patient is asked to protrude the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

117
Q

The tendon of which muscle forms the palatal aponeurosis?

A

tensor veli palatini

118
Q

To which group of lymph nodes does lymph from the maxillary sinus principally drain?

A

Submandibular nodes

119
Q

Damage to what nerve would cause numbness in pinna of right ear?

A

right great auricular nerve

120
Q

what areas does the great auricular nerve innervate?

A
  • pinna/auricle of ear
  • skin over angle of mandible
  • skin over parotid
121
Q

what vessels can cause excessive bleeding when the lip is lacerated?

A

inferior labial artery where the left and right sides anastomose

122
Q

what muscle tendon inserts into the coronoid process?

A

the temporalis tendon inserts into the coronoid process

123
Q

what TWO recesses may fish bones get stuck in?

A
  • valeculla
  • piriform fossa
124
Q

what epithelium covers the majority of the larynx? what covers the true vocal folds?

A
  • pseudostratified columnar (respiratory) epithelium covers majority of the larynx
  • true vocal folds are covered in stratified squamous epithelium
125
Q

what are some symptoms of a cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A
  • swollen/bulging eyes
  • high temperature
  • visual problems
126
Q

what is the cause of sudden sharp facial pain?

A

trigeminal neuralgia

127
Q

what does the pineal gland do?

A

controls melatonin secretion for modulating sleep patterns & circadian rhythms

128
Q

what might an exaggerated/brisk reflex suggest?

A

common stroke sign (usually UMN)

129
Q

what is the Babinski reflex?

A

The sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument
- normal reaction = big toe should go down
- positive reaction = big toe goes upwards

** indicative sign of a stroke

130
Q

what nerve has been damaged if the pupils do not constrict?

A

Occulomotor nerve (CNIII)

131
Q

What is glue ear?

A

Otitis media with effusion
- fluid build up in middle ear

132
Q

what can occur when doing a biopsy of the pharyngeal recess?

A

Pharyngeal recess can be a common site for occult tumours
- ICA at risk of being ruptured

133
Q

What can cause a distended external jugular vein?

A
  • heart disease
  • hypertension
134
Q

what can cause inflammation of the parotid gland?

A

Mumps
- swelling is restricted due to the dense parotid capsule & pressure is put on the facial & glossopharyngeal nerves

135
Q

what happens to excess tears when crying/when it is cold?

A

excess tears travel via the lacrimical canniliculae —> lacrimal sac —> nasolacrimal duct —> inferior nasal meatus
- causes a runny nose

136
Q

what can occur with a blow out fracture?

A

The orbit floor may fracture & the contents of the orbit fall into the maxillary sinus
- can cause double vision

137
Q

what can occur if LA is injected into the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Trismus
- reduced opening of the jaw

138
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring & what is its function?

A

A ring of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx:
- pharyngeal tonsils
- palatine tonsils
- lingual tonsils
- tubular tonsils

139
Q

What are the two muscles in the middle ear & what is their function?

A

Tensor tympani = supplied by the trigeminal nerve which pulls the malleus to reduce movement & thus sound

Stapedius of triangle = supplied by the facial nerve which contracts and reflexes the stapes which dampens sound & reduces movements

140
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

Condition characterised by the accumulation of fluid in the brain (usually CSF).
- can be caused by tumour in cerebral aqueduct

141
Q

what is an example of a sub-arachnoid haemorrhage?

A

berry aneurysm on circle of willis

142
Q

where is the pharyngeal recess located?

A

posterior to auditory tube

143
Q

damage to which nerve may cause nausea and vertigo?

A

CNVIII (vestibucochlear)

144
Q

where can infection of the middle ear spread to? what does this cause?

A

infection from middle ear can spread to mastoid cells
- can cause blurred vision

145
Q

How do loud sounds affect the ossicles?

A
  • tensor tympani dampens sound at malleus (innervated by CNV)
  • stapedius dampens sound of stapes (CNVII)
146
Q

what is otitis externa? what does it cause?

A

‘Swimmers Ear’
- inflammation of external acoustic meatus
- ear pain, pus discharge, temporary hearing loss

147
Q

what lymph nodes may be enlarged in thyroid disease?

A
  • jugulo-omohyoid
  • jugulo-digastric
148
Q

when making a full set of dentures where should they be extended with accord to the mylohyoid line?

A

Finish above the line (or will move when mylohyoid contracts)

BDS3 ANATOMY (26 decks)

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