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PROSTHODONTICS 2 LEC PRELIM > ROENT MIDTERM > Flashcards

ROENT MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

FILM PROCESSING REFERS TO A
SERIES OF STEPS THAT PRODUCE A
VISIBLE PERMANENT IMAGE ON A
RADIOGRAPH

A

DENTAL FILM PROCESSING

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2
Q

Convert latent image on the film into
a visible image

To preserve the visible image so that
it is permanent and does not
disappear from the dental
radiograph

A

Aim of processing

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3
Q

FILM PROCESSING

A
  • DEVELOPING
  • RINSING
  • FIXING
  • WASHING
  • DRYING
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4
Q

Main action of the developer is to
chemically reduce all the silver ions
in the exposed crystals of silver
bromide ( with a latent image) to
metallic silver

A

DEVELOPER SOLUTION

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5
Q
  • A continuous, gentle rinsing for 30
    seconds in water is necessary after
    developing

Purpose:
- To dilute the developer and slows
down the development processing
- To remove alkali activator thus
preventing neutralization of acid
fixer

A

RINSING

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6
Q
  • Used in the fixing process.

Purpose:
- To dissolve and remove the
underdeveloped silver halide crystals
causes the film to be dark and non
diagnostic
- To harden and shrink film emulsion
during the process

A

FIXING SOLUTION

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7
Q
  • Films are dried with the help of x-ray
    dryer in a dust free area.
  • While drying, films should not touch
    each other to avoid sticking of the
    film
A

Drying

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7
Q
  • The objective of washing is to
    remove residual processing
    chemicals and silver salts from the
    radiograph
A

Washing the film

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8
Q

Automatic Processor Advantages:

A
  • Time saving
  • Constant film quality is achieved,
    due to fixed processing cycles
  • Need for dark room is eliminated
  • Less floor space is required
  • Chemicals can be replenished
    automatically by machine
  • Large number of films can be
    processed continuously
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9
Q

FUNCTION
Reducing agent

ACTION
Increases
reduction potential of crystals and brings
out contrast

A

HYDROQUINONE

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10
Q

Automatic Processor Disadvantages:

A
  • Equipment is relaLvely expensive
  • Strict maintenance and regular
    change is required, dirty rollers
    produce marked films
  • Films may get lost in the tank
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10
Q

FUNCTION
Alkaline activator

ACTION
Softens emulsion to reach crystals

A

SODIUM
CARBONATE

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11
Q

FUNCTION
Reducing agent

ACTION
Bring out gray shade

A

Elon
(monomethylparaaminophenol)

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11
Q

FUNCTION
restrainer

ACTION
Prevent
developer from reducing unexposed crystals

A

Potassium bromide

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12
Q

FUNCTION
preservative

ACTION
Prevents rapid oxidation of chemical

A

Sodium sulfite

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13
Q

FUNCTION
solvent

ACTION
Medium for dissolving chemicals

A

Water

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13
Q

FUNCTION
acidifier

ACTION
Neutralizes developer

A

Acetic or sulfuric acid

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14
Q

FUNCTION
Clearing Agent

ACTION
Clears unexposed silver halide

A

Ammonium thiosulfate/ Na thiosulfate

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15
Q

FUNCTION
hardener

ACTION
Shrinks and hardens emulsion

A

Aluminum chloride/sulfide k alum

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16
Q
  • A well planned dark room makes the
    processing easier, which should be at
    least 4x5 feet (1.2x1.5m).
  • The room should be well venLlated
    to supply fresh air for the comfort of
    the individual working in the area.
A

DARK ROOM

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17
Q

Characteristics for darkroom:

A

a. Convenient locaLon and adequate
size
b. Ample working space with adequate
storage
c. LighLng
d. Temperature and humidity
controlled
e. Darkroom plumbing
f. Miscellaneous

18
Q
  • Two types of lighting are essential in
    darkroom
A

I. Room lighting (white
illumination)

II. Safe lighting

19
Q
A
20
Q

General safety rules in darkroom

A
  • Limit access to the darkroom. Only
    approved persons with safety
    training should be allowed to work
    in the room
  • Keep the work area clean
  • Wet and dry areas should be clearly
    separated
  • Always segregate chemicals
  • Do not store chemicals on the floor
  • Do not eat, drink, or smoke in the
    darkroom
  • Always wash hands with soap and
    warm water after working with
    chemicals
21
Q

WAYS OF REDUCING RADIATION EXPOSURE TO THE PATIENTS

A
  • ALARA CONCEPT (As Low As
    Reasonably Achievable)
  • Digital radiography 80% dose
    reduction
21
Q

Safety measure for operator protection

A
  • Only the operator and patient are
    permitted in the x-ray room.
  • Operator will stand in a safe place:
  • 6 feet away not in direct beam
  • behind an appropriate barrier
  • outside the room if you cannot get
    6 feet away
  • Never hold the film or tubehead
    during exposure.
21
Q

TRAID OF RADIATION SAFETY

A
  • TIME
  • DISTANCE
  • SHIELDING
22
Q

The exposure time is related to
radiation exposure and exposure
rate ( exposure per unit time) as
follows: Exposure = exposure rate x
time

A

TIME

23
Q

The exposure to the individual
decrease inversely as the square of
distance. This is known as the
inverse square law, whish is stated
mathematically as: I = 1/D2

A

DISTANCE

23
Q

A person standing twice as far from
the x-ray machine will be receive
one forth the radiation

A

Inverse square law

24
Q

Materials such as concrete, lead will
attenuate radiation (reduce its
intensity) when they are placed
between the source of radiation and
the exposed individual.

A

Shielding

25
Q

Types of Room shielding

A

a) X-ray equipment room shielding
b) Patient waiting room shielding

25
Q

Includes all the radiation passing through the tube housing, other than the useful
radiation.

A

Leakage radiation

26
Q

Type of radiation to be considered for
effective shielding

A
  • Useful beam
  • Leakage radiation
  • Scattered radiation
26
Q

Type of shielding

A
  1. Xray tube shielding (source
    shielding)
  2. Room shielding
    a) X-ray equipment room shielding
    b) Patient waiting room shielding
    c) Control room shielding
  3. Personal shielding
  4. Patient shielding
26
Q

Which has undergone a change in direction
during passage through matter.

A

Scattered radiation

27
Q

Radiation passing through the tube aperture, previously called primary beam

A

Useful beam

28
Q
A
29
Q
A
29
Q
A
30
Q
  • X rays produced in the tube are
    scattered in all directions
  • The x ray tube housing is lined with
    thin sheets of lead to protect both
    patients and personnel from leakage
A

X-ray tube shielding (source
shielding)

30
Q

The control room of an x-ray
equipment is secondary protective
barrier which has two important
aspects:

a) The wall and viewing window of
the control booth should have lead
equivalents of 1.5mm.

b) The location of control booth,
should not be located where the primary beam falls directly, and the
radiation should be scattered twice
before entering the booth.

A

Shielding of x-ray control room

31
Q

They are designed to protect
individuals located outside the x-ray
rooms from unwanted radiation.

  • 2mm lead ≅25 mm layer of high
    quality barium plaster ≅ 150 mm of
    concrete ≅ 225 mm of solid bricks
A

Room Shielding (Structural
Shielding)

32
Q

Should be used as and when necessary
which comprise of:
- Lead Aprons
- Eye glasses with side shields
- Hand gloves
- Thyroid shields

A

Shielding Apparel

33
Q
  • Personnel should remain in the
    radiation environment only when
    necessary (step behind the control
    booth, or leave the room when
    practical)
  • The distance between the personnel
    and the patient should be maximized
    when practical.
A

Personnel Shielding

34
Q
  • Aprons are shielding apparel
    recommended for use by radiation
    workers.
  • These aprons protect an individual
    only from secondary (scattered)
    radiation, not the primary beam.
A

Shielding Apparel Lead

35
Q

Care of the Lead Apparel
It is important that lead aprons are not
abused, such as by:

A

a) Dropping them on the floor

b) Piling them in a heap

c) Improperly draping them over the back of
a chair

36
Q
  • Radiation protection of the patient
    involves both technical and medical
    decisions.
  • The technical decisions related to
    the choice of the appropriate
    equipment and to the technique.
A

Patients Shielding

37
Q
  • Patient waiting areas are provided
    outside the x-ray room.
  • Red Light and warning place card is
    provided at a conspicuous place
    outside the x-ray room
A

Patient Waiting Area

38
Q
  • Dental personnel and patients are at
    increased risk for acquiring
    tuberculosis, herpes viruses, upper
    respiratory infections, and hepatitis
    strain A through E.
A

Infection control

39
Q

Key steps in Radiographic Infection Control
Apply universal precautions:

A
  • Wear gloves during radiographic
    procedures
  • Disinfect and cover x-ray machine,
    working surfaces, chair and apron.
  • Sterilize non disposable instruments

Use barrier – protected film sensor
or disposable container

  • Prevent contamination of processing
    equipment

PROSTHODONTICS 2 LEC PRELIM (12 decks)

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