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EARTHSCI > ROCKS AND MINERALS > Flashcards

ROCKS AND MINERALS Flashcards

1
Q

naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with definite chem. composition, ordered internal structure

A

MINERALS

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2
Q

naturally-occurring coherent aggregate of minerals or solid materials

A

ROCK

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3
Q

naturally-occurring materials profitably mined

A

ORE

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4
Q

potential ore body if localized abundance is greater than average abundance on Earth’s crust

A

DEPOSIT

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5
Q

Atoms in minerals are organized in a regular repetitive geometric pattern or crystal structure

A

ORDERED INTERNAL STRUCTURE

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6
Q

substances fulfilling all requirement but no ordered internal structure (pearl)

A

MINERALOIDS

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7
Q

7 COMPOSITION OF MINERALS

A

1 | SILICATES
2 | OXIDES
3 | SULFATES
4 | SULFIDES
5 | HALIDES:
6 | CARBONATES:
7 | NATIVE METALS

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7
Q

silicon-oxygen (quartz)

A

SILICATES

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8
Q

(Gypsum): precipitate out of water

A

SULFATES

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9
Q

(magnetite): metal cation to oxygen

A

OXIDES

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10
Q

(Pyrite): bonded to sulfide

A

SULFIDES

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11
Q

: Halogen ion (chlorine and fluorine)

A

HALIDES

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12
Q

presence of carbonic ion

A

CARBONATES

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12
Q

single metal (Cu and Au)

A

NATIVE METALS

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13
Q

Dependent on chemical composition of mineral
Similar composition share same structure
Generally belong to same crystal system

A

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MINERALS

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14
Q

5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

A

1 | CRYSTAL FORM:
2 | LUSTER:
3 | DENSITY
4 | HARDNESS:
5 | CLEAVAGE:

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15
Q

crystallization

A

CRYSTAL FORM

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16
Q

*strength of chemical bonds
*Measure by scratching w/ minerals
*Mohs Scale of Hardness

A

HARDNESS

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16
Q

appearance of light

A

LUSTER

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17
Q

*weight of mineral | equal vol of water
* Specific Gravity: Mineral (2.7), Gold (19)

A

DENSITY

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18
Q

tendency to break along planes
Excellent: smooth, flat, parallel surface
Good: small, smooth, steplife flat surface
Poor: difficult to find weak point
Absent: break in irregular manner/crash

A

CLEAVAGE

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19
Q

3 ROCK FORMATIONS

A

1 | FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK
2 | FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK:
3 | FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK

19
Q

*cooling and solidification of magma and lava
*Latin: igneus - fiery or on fire

A

FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK

20
Q

Lithification of particles by weathering of preexisting rocks (Gypsum and Sandstone)

A

FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK:

21
Q

forms when sedimentary, igneous are altered by heat, pressure, chemical activity (Gneiss and Marble)

A

FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK:

21
Q

ROCKS AND MINERALS AS AN ORE

A

*Mineral/rock contain high concentration of specific resource: not a good ore
*Too expensive to mine
*Too far to market to transport
*Additional cost outweighs potential profit

21
Q

most common ore mineral deposition
groundwater/seawater heated by magma
produces veins: host materials - Au, Ag, Cu

A

HYDROTHERMAL FLUID CIRCULATION

22
Q

*Alteration and recrystallization of minerals
*Formation and localisation of economically-important materials (marble)

A

METAMORPHIC PROCESSES

23
Q

*rocks exposed to oxygen and water
*chemical changes in mineral components result in alteration into other minerals and forms residual ore deposits
*Common in tropical: conducive climate

A

CHEMICAL WEATHERING

23
Q

*Flowing surface of water trends to take sediments along (Au, Pt, zircon, diamond)
*Wave action and strength constant cause selective sifting effect, removing sediments and leave heavy placer deposits

A

ACTION OF CURRENTS

24
Q

intensive and sophisticated process depending on mineral and whether excavated, stripped, brought via tunnels or shafts

A

MINING ORES:

25
Q

*set of processes withdrawing useful resources from stock of any nonrenewable resource
*extraction of mineral resources
*Critical importance to industry
*Controversial: negative feedback for neglectful and irresponsible practices

A

MINING

25
Q

8 STEPS DURING MINING

A

1 | PROSPECTING OR EXPLORATION:
2 | DRILLING
3 | MODELING
4 | IDENTIFY AND ASSESS POTENTIAL IMPACTS
5 | DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING MINE
6 | ORE EXTRACTION
7 | MILLING:
8 | MINE SITE DECOMMISSIONING

26
Q

look for ore body: deposit w/ large amt of required ore mineral

A

PROSPECTING OR EXPLORATION

27
Q

extract part of ore - quality and grade

A

DRILLING

28
Q

*ore’s size, shape, grade distribution
*Apply appropriate mining methods
*Blast and dig pattern designs
*Safety precautions
*Efficiency and processing methods

A

MODELING

29
Q

*Consider social and environmental aspect
*Ways to mitigate consequence of mining
*Bring area back to original state

A

4 | IDENTIFY AND ASSESS POTENTIAL IMPACTS

30
Q

separate high-grade

A

6 | ORE EXTRACTION

31
Q

*Acquire permit: government & local
*Create appropriate mine and operational design, then construction

A

5 | DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING MINE

32
Q

*crush and concentration of ores
*Waste materials released (tailings)

A

7 | MILLING

33
Q

*Closure of depleted mine
*Mine Site: clean and reclaimed or rehabilitated

A

8 | MINE SITE DECOMMISSIONING

34
Q

3 EXTRACTION METHODS

A

1 | SAND AND GRAVEL
2 | FROM BURIED ORE BODIES:
3 | ORE PROCESSING:

35
Q

very little waste rock left after milling (not viable unless high grade ore)

A

SAND AND GRAVEL

36
Q

huge quantities of rock: removed and discarded so relatively small number of ore can be recovered

A

FROM BURIED ORE BODIES

37
Q

from ores - crushing, separating, and purifying

A

ORE PROCESSING:

38
Q

3 USE OF LOCAL ORE MINERALS

A

1 | RENOWNED:
2 | RESOURCES
3 | TRADE

39
Q

*abundance of mineral reserves (country in world mineral map)
*5th most mineralized country
*3rd in Gold
*4th in Copper
*5th in Nickel

A

RENOWNED

40
Q

9m hectares (30% country’s total land area of 30m hectares) has important metallic mineral deposits

A

RESOURCES

41
Q

most prolific copper and gold producers
Baguio, Mankayan, Benguet districts, Surigao-Favao contribute - gold production

A

TRADE

42
Q

4 ROCK CYCLE

A

Crystallization
Weathering and Erosion:
Compaction and Cementation
Heat and Pressure

43
Q

Igneous Rock

A

Crystallization

44
Q

Sediments

A

Weathering and Erosion

45
Q

Sedimentary

A

Compaction and Cementation:

46
Q

Metamorphic

A

Heat and Pressure:

EARTHSCI (6 decks)

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