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GEO LAB > Rocks > Flashcards

Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

How did igneous rocks form?

A

from the crystallization of molten material melted from the mantle and crust (mostly mantle)

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2
Q

intrusive igneous rocks vs extrusive igneous rocks

aka

A

intrusive formed from the crystallization of magma in earth

extrusive formed from the crystallization of lava at the surface of the earth

volcanic rocks and plutonic rocks

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3
Q

Slow cooling
Fast cooling
instant cooling

A

few but large crystals
more but small crystals
won’t form crystals, randomly distributed atoms, volcanic glass (ash)

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4
Q

What minerals are igneous rocks mostly composed of?

A

silicate (dark and light)

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5
Q

what is the most distinguishing feature of most igneous rocks?

A

the interlocking arrangement of their mineral crystals

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6
Q

What rocks are part of the light silicate group? comp

A

muscovite, feldspar, quartz
high in silica

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7
Q

what rocks are part of the dark silicate group? comp

A

olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite
high in mg and fe

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8
Q

texture

A

size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains

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9
Q

composition

A

abundance and type of minerals it contains

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10
Q

how are igneous rocks identified

A

texture and composition

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11
Q

list all the textures pls

A

glassy, coarse-grained (phaneritic), fine-grained (aphanitic), vesicular, porphyritic, pyroclastic (fragmental)

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12
Q

fine grained texture (aphanitic)

A

formed at a place where cooling is rapid (at surface- extrusive igneous rock) or in upper crust

crystals are too small to see w/ naked eye

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13
Q

coarse-grained texture (phaneritic)

A

magma crystallizes at depth (intrusive igneous rocks) that have intergrown crystals of equal size that can be seen

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14
Q

vesicular texture

what part of the lava flow

A

extrusive rock w/ voids (vesicles) from escaping gas bubbles as lava soldified

upper, where cooling is rapid to preserve it

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15
Q

Porphyritic texture

A

cooling in two different environments:
minerals in magma crystallizes (cools first) before others - phenocrysts (large crystals)
eruption or movement to cooler location, rest of lava will cool faster - small crystals (matrix, groundmass)

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16
Q

Glassy

A

instant cooling (molten rock ejected from eruption and solidifies in air)

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17
Q

pyroclastic (fragmental) texture

A

consolidation of fragmentss ejected from eruptions (ash, molten blobs, angular blocks from vent walls)

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18
Q

description of the env where coarse grained igneous rocks form

when molten rock solidifies (at great depth or on the surface), it cools (rapidly or slowly) and produces an (extrusive or intrusive) igneous rock

A

great depth
slowly
intrusive

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19
Q

description of the env where fine grained igneous rocks form

when molten rock solidifies (at great depth or on the surface), it cools (rapidly or slowly) and produces an (extrusive or intrusive) igneous rock

A

on the surface
rapidly
extrusive

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20
Q

granitic/felsic

do they have dark colored silicates
composition and melt.temp

color

dominent minerals

A

only 15%
high in silica, potassium, and sodium
lowest melt. temp
light

quartz and potassium feldspar (light colored silicates)

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21
Q

feldspar crystals vs quartz crystals

A

rectangular,flat
rounded/irregular, glassy

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22
Q

Mafic/basaltic
composition and melt.temp
color

dominent minerals

A

45-85% olivine and pyroxene (dark colored silicates)
high in iron, mg, and calcium
higher melt. temp
darker

pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar

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23
Q

direction of melt temp and elements

A

increasing melt temp from grantitic to andesitic to mafic to ultramafic
increasing mg, iron, and calcium from grantitic to andesitic to mafic to ultramafic

increasing potassium and sodium from ultramafic to mafic to andesitic to granitic

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24
Q

intermediate/andesitic
melt.temp

dominent mineral

A

composition btw granitic and basaltic
light colored silicates and dark colored silicates (15-45%)
higher than granitic

amphibole, plagioclase feldspar

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25
Q

ultramafic
temp
comp

dominent minerals

A

almost all dark silicates
highest melt temp
high in iron, mg, and calcium

olivine and pyroxene

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26
Q

Granite

A

coarse-grained
granitic/felsic
(intrusive)

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27
Q

obsidian

A

glassy
granitic/felsic
conchoidal
only black granitic/felsic rock

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28
Q

rhyolite

A

extrusive equivalent of granite
fine-grained
granitic/felsic
pink to gray
can have glass fragments or voids

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29
Q

pumice

A

vesicular
frothy and floats in water
granitic/felsic
(extrusive)
gray

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30
Q

diorite

A

ixtrusive equivalent of andesite
coarse-grained
salt n pepper
andesitic/intermediate

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31
Q

basalt

A

basaltic/mafic
fine-grained
extrusive
dark green, brown, black

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32
Q

andesite

A

andesitic/intermediate
fine grained
extrusive
can be porphyritic (crystals of feldspar or hornsblende

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33
Q

gabbro

A

intrusive equivalent of basalt
coarse-grained
basaltic/mafic

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34
Q

periodite

A

ultramafic
coarse grained

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35
Q

scoria

A

red rock like pumice
vesicular
basaltic/mafic

36
Q

did pumice and obsididan cool from the same material but at differnt rates

A

yes, granitic/felsic but dif textures

37
Q

if somethinting cool at a loww temp, does tha mean it will cool first or last

A

last

38
Q

what are the sources of materials that accumulate as sediment

A
  1. solid particles from weathered rocks (detritus)
  2. precipitation of dissolved material in solution
39
Q

what are detrital rocks?

A

mineral grains or rock fragments from chemical and mechanical weathering that are transported and deposited as solid particles

40
Q

what is the residual product of feldspars? what happens to the si? residual product of quartz?

A

clay minerals
carried away by ground water
quartz is resistant to chem.weathering

41
Q

residual product of amphibole and olivine

A
42
Q

what are the most abundant solid particles of chemical weathering?

A

quartz (resistant to weathering) and clay minerals (residual product of feldspars)

43
Q

On what feature of detrital sedimentary rocks is their classification based on?

A

particle size

44
Q

what are the four categories of particle size

A

coarse, medium, fine, very fine

45
Q

what is more fine: silt or clay

A

clay

46
Q

Breccia

A

angular fragments
coarse
gravel

47
Q

Angular vs round fragments indicate

A

angular: didn’t travel far
rounded: traveled far

48
Q

Siltstone

A

fine
silt
dusty
breaks into blocks/layer
quartz and clay

49
Q

conglomerate

A

coarse
gravel
round fragments

50
Q

Quartz sandstone

A

well sorted, sand, medium, rounded

can scratch galss (quarts)

51
Q

shale

A

clay/mud
very fine
splits into layers
fossils

can be scratched by iron nail

52
Q

arkose

A

medium
sand
poorly sorted
angular fragments

53
Q

calystone

A

mostly clay
clay/mud
very fine
crumbles easily

can be scratched by iiron nail

54
Q

graywacke

A

medium
sand
sand and mud
poorly sorted

55
Q

what are the two textures of fsedimentary rocks and defintion

A

clastic: discrete particles cemented tog
nonclastic: crystalline

56
Q

chemical and biochemical sedimentary rocks

A

chemicaol: precipitated from ophysical process such as evaportion and temp change
biochemical: life processes/animals that forrm shells called biochemical sediments

57
Q

compositions of all limestone

A

calcite fizzz

58
Q

examples of biochemical sedimentary rock

A

coquina, chalk, fossiliferous limestone

59
Q

chalk

A

biochemicala from the hard skeletons of microscopic organism

60
Q

fossileiferous limestone

A

shells and shell fragmentof dirrent sizes
biochemicall

61
Q

travertine

A

limestone
decorates caverns
faint layering
pores

62
Q

crystalline limestone

A

fien to coarse crystalline

63
Q

micrite

A

no visible grains, may be conchoidal

64
Q

chert

A

will sratch glasss
microcrystalline
may be conchoidal
light colired

looks greasy

65
Q

rock salt

A

fine to coarrse crystalline
salty

himilayan pink salt

66
Q

rock gypsum

A

fine to coars crystalline
soft

67
Q

what are metamorphic rocks produced from? thus

A

any kind of rock, each metamorphic rock as a parent rock

68
Q

low grade metamorphism

example with parent rock

A

slight changes

shale (parent) to slate

69
Q

high grade metamorphism

example

A

substantial changes

granodioorite to gneiss

70
Q

Which metamorphic process is mostly closely related to changes that occur because of heat? What is the source of this heat?

A
71
Q

foliation

A

nearly flat arrangement of mineral grains (strongly deformed during folding)

layered or banded look

72
Q

What metamorphic rock has slaty or rock cleavage? meaning

A

slate
flat, dull surface that can shatter into thin slans

73
Q

phyllitic texture meaning and what rock

A

phyllite
mica crystals in slate grow so shimmers and has wavy surface

74
Q

parent rock of slate

A

shale

75
Q

parent rock of phyllite

A

slate

76
Q

what grade is phyllite

A

medium low

77
Q

Schistosity

A

schist
scaly layering of glittery platy minerals (micas) with deformed quartz and feldspar

78
Q

gneissic texture

A

uion migration results in segregation of light and dark minerals

79
Q

what is the grade and parent rock if a schist

A

medium high
shale

80
Q

what is the grade and parent rock of gneiss

A

high
granite and schist

81
Q

whatkind of metamprphism create schists

A

regional

82
Q

gneiss characteristicss

A

banded or lines of white and black

83
Q

what aare the minerals that comprise of mostly nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

A

quartz
calcite

84
Q

marble crystalline

A

parent rock is limestone
calcite crystals (very crystally)
pink

85
Q

quartzite

A

from quartz sandstone (deep pink)

86
Q

Anthracite

A

shiny very, very glossy
parent rock: bituminous coal (less glossy)

87
Q

serpentinite

A

dull edges with greenish color

GEO LAB (12 decks)

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