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Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

How did igneous rocks form?

A

from the crystallization of molten material melted from the mantle and crust (mostly mantle)

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2
Q

intrusive igneous rocks vs extrusive igneous rocks

aka

A

intrusive formed from the crystallization of magma in earth

extrusive formed from the crystallization of lava at the surface of the earth

volcanic rocks and plutonic rocks

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3
Q

Slow cooling
Fast cooling
instant cooling

A

few but large crystals
more but small crystals
won’t form crystals, randomly distributed atoms, volcanic glass (ash)

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4
Q

What minerals are igneous rocks mostly composed of?

A

silicate (dark and light)

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5
Q

what is the most distinguishing feature of most igneous rocks?

A

the interlocking arrangement of their mineral crystals

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6
Q

What rocks are part of the light silicate group? comp

A

muscovite, feldspar, quartz
high in silica

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7
Q

what rocks are part of the dark silicate group? comp

A

olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite
high in mg and fe

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8
Q

texture

A

size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains

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9
Q

composition

A

abundance and type of minerals it contains

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10
Q

how are igneous rocks identified

A

texture and composition

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11
Q

list all the textures pls

A

glassy, coarse-grained (phaneritic), fine-grained (aphanitic), vesicular, porphyritic, pyroclastic (fragmental)

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12
Q

fine grained texture (aphanitic)

A

formed at a place where cooling is rapid (at surface- extrusive igneous rock) or in upper crust

crystals are too small to see w/ naked eye

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13
Q

coarse-grained texture (phaneritic)

A

magma crystallizes at depth (intrusive igneous rocks) that have intergrown crystals of equal size that can be seen

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14
Q

vesicular texture

what part of the lava flow

A

extrusive rock w/ voids (vesicles) from escaping gas bubbles as lava soldified

upper, where cooling is rapid to preserve it

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15
Q

Porphyritic texture

A

cooling in two different environments:
minerals in magma crystallizes (cools first) before others - phenocrysts (large crystals)
eruption or movement to cooler location, rest of lava will cool faster - small crystals (matrix, groundmass)

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16
Q

Glassy

A

instant cooling (molten rock ejected from eruption and solidifies in air)

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17
Q

pyroclastic (fragmental) texture

A

consolidation of fragmentss ejected from eruptions (ash, molten blobs, angular blocks from vent walls)

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18
Q

description of the env where coarse grained igneous rocks form

when molten rock solidifies (at great depth or on the surface), it cools (rapidly or slowly) and produces an (extrusive or intrusive) igneous rock

A

great depth
slowly
intrusive

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19
Q

description of the env where fine grained igneous rocks form

when molten rock solidifies (at great depth or on the surface), it cools (rapidly or slowly) and produces an (extrusive or intrusive) igneous rock

A

on the surface
rapidly
extrusive

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20
Q

granitic/felsic

do they have dark colored silicates
composition and melt.temp

color

dominent minerals

A

only 15%
high in silica, potassium, and sodium
lowest melt. temp
light

quartz and potassium feldspar (light colored silicates)

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21
Q

feldspar crystals vs quartz crystals

A

rectangular,flat
rounded/irregular, glassy

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22
Q

Mafic/basaltic
composition and melt.temp
color

dominent minerals

A

45-85% olivine and pyroxene (dark colored silicates)
high in iron, mg, and calcium
higher melt. temp
darker

pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar

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23
Q

direction of melt temp and elements

A

increasing melt temp from grantitic to andesitic to mafic to ultramafic
increasing mg, iron, and calcium from grantitic to andesitic to mafic to ultramafic

increasing potassium and sodium from ultramafic to mafic to andesitic to granitic

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24
Q

intermediate/andesitic
melt.temp

dominent mineral

A

composition btw granitic and basaltic
light colored silicates and dark colored silicates (15-45%)
higher than granitic

amphibole, plagioclase feldspar

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25
ultramafic temp comp | dominent minerals
almost all dark silicates highest melt temp high in iron, mg, and calcium | olivine and pyroxene
26
Granite
coarse-grained granitic/felsic (intrusive)
27
obsidian
glassy granitic/felsic conchoidal only black granitic/felsic rock
28
rhyolite
extrusive equivalent of granite fine-grained granitic/felsic pink to gray can have glass fragments or voids
29
pumice
vesicular frothy and floats in water granitic/felsic (extrusive) gray
30
diorite
ixtrusive equivalent of andesite coarse-grained salt n pepper andesitic/intermediate
31
basalt
basaltic/mafic fine-grained extrusive dark green, brown, black
32
andesite
andesitic/intermediate fine grained extrusive can be porphyritic (crystals of feldspar or hornsblende
33
gabbro
intrusive equivalent of basalt coarse-grained basaltic/mafic
34
periodite
ultramafic coarse grained
35
scoria
red rock like pumice vesicular basaltic/mafic
36
did pumice and obsididan cool from the same material but at differnt rates
yes, granitic/felsic but dif textures
37
if somethinting cool at a loww temp, does tha mean it will cool first or last
last
38
what are the sources of materials that accumulate as sediment
1. solid particles from weathered rocks (detritus) 2. precipitation of dissolved material in solution
39
what are detrital rocks?
mineral grains or rock fragments from chemical and mechanical weathering that are transported and deposited as solid particles
40
what is the residual product of feldspars? what happens to the si? residual product of quartz?
clay minerals carried away by ground water quartz is resistant to chem.weathering
41
residual product of amphibole and olivine
42
what are the most abundant solid particles of chemical weathering?
quartz (resistant to weathering) and clay minerals (residual product of feldspars)
43
On what feature of detrital sedimentary rocks is their classification based on?
particle size
44
what are the four categories of particle size
coarse, medium, fine, very fine
45
what is more fine: silt or clay
clay
46
Breccia
angular fragments coarse gravel
47
Angular vs round fragments indicate
angular: didn't travel far rounded: traveled far
48
Siltstone
fine silt dusty breaks into blocks/layer quartz and clay
49
conglomerate
coarse gravel round fragments
50
Quartz sandstone
well sorted, sand, medium, rounded | can scratch galss (quarts)
51
shale
clay/mud very fine splits into layers fossils | can be scratched by iron nail
52
arkose
medium sand poorly sorted angular fragments
53
calystone
mostly clay clay/mud very fine crumbles easily | can be scratched by iiron nail
54
graywacke
medium sand sand and mud poorly sorted
55
what are the two textures of fsedimentary rocks and defintion
clastic: discrete particles cemented tog nonclastic: crystalline
56
chemical and biochemical sedimentary rocks
chemicaol: precipitated from ophysical process such as evaportion and temp change biochemical: life processes/animals that forrm shells called biochemical sediments
57
compositions of all limestone
calcite fizzz
58
examples of biochemical sedimentary rock
coquina, chalk, fossiliferous limestone
59
chalk
biochemicala from the hard skeletons of microscopic organism
60
fossileiferous limestone
shells and shell fragmentof dirrent sizes biochemicall
61
travertine
limestone decorates caverns faint layering pores
62
crystalline limestone
fien to coarse crystalline
63
micrite
no visible grains, may be conchoidal
64
chert
will sratch glasss microcrystalline may be conchoidal light colired | looks greasy
65
rock salt
fine to coarrse crystalline salty | himilayan pink salt
66
rock gypsum
fine to coars crystalline soft
67
what are metamorphic rocks produced from? thus
any kind of rock, each metamorphic rock as a parent rock
68
low grade metamorphism | example with parent rock
slight changes | shale (parent) to slate
69
high grade metamorphism | example
substantial changes | granodioorite to gneiss
70
Which metamorphic process is mostly closely related to changes that occur because of heat? What is the source of this heat?
71
foliation
nearly flat arrangement of mineral grains (strongly deformed during folding) | layered or banded look
72
What metamorphic rock has slaty or rock cleavage? meaning
slate flat, dull surface that can shatter into thin slans
73
phyllitic texture meaning and what rock
phyllite mica crystals in slate grow so shimmers and has wavy surface
74
parent rock of slate
shale
75
parent rock of phyllite
slate
76
what grade is phyllite
medium low
77
Schistosity
schist scaly layering of glittery platy minerals (micas) with deformed quartz and feldspar
78
gneissic texture
uion migration results in segregation of light and dark minerals
79
what is the grade and parent rock if a schist
medium high shale
80
what is the grade and parent rock of gneiss
high granite and schist
81
whatkind of metamprphism create schists
regional
82
gneiss characteristicss
banded or lines of white and black
83
what aare the minerals that comprise of mostly nonfoliated metamorphic rocks
quartz calcite
84
marble crystalline
parent rock is limestone calcite crystals (very crystally) pink
85
quartzite
from quartz sandstone (deep pink)
86
Anthracite
shiny very, very glossy parent rock: bituminous coal (less glossy)
87
serpentinite
dull edges with greenish color

GEO LAB (12 decks)

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