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GEO LAB > atmosphere > Flashcards

atmosphere Flashcards

1
Q

Weather

A

constantly changing over short period of time

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2
Q

Climate

A

generalized weather over long period of time

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3
Q

is climate the average of weather?

A

no, sum of all statisstical weather info

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4
Q

Can climate data predict weather

climate is what you __, weather is what you ___

A

no

expect; get

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5
Q

what are the two gases that make up 99% of clean dry air

what percent of the 99 does each make up

A

nitrogen and oxygen

nitrogen: 78%; oxygen: 21%

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6
Q

what is the remaining one percent of air

A

argon and other gases

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7
Q

is carbon a good absorber? of what?

A

yes, of energy emmited by earth

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8
Q

humidity

A

lots of water vapor in air

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9
Q

variable components of air

A

aerosols, water vapor, ozone

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10
Q

water vapor is the source of 2 things

is it an absorber?

A

precipitation
clouds

yes, absorber of heat and solar energy

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11
Q

what are aerosols

A

tiny solid and liquid particles

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12
Q

why are aerosols significant?

A

place for water vapor to condense to clouds
reflect/absorb solar radiation
colors to our sunset

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13
Q

what is ozone chemical formula?

A

O3 (3 oxygens)

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14
Q

describe the distribution, content, and location of ozone?

A

not uniform
little of it
stratosphere

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15
Q

describe the distribution, content, and location of ozone?

A

not uniform
little of it
stratosphere

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16
Q

why is ozone important to liffe on earth?

is it important to oceans?

A

absorbs ultraviolet radiation (o2 splits in o, o+02))

no, oceans already filter UV radiaation

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17
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

weight of air above

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18
Q

does pressure increase or decrease with increasing latitiude

A

decreasse

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19
Q

troposphere

what occurs here

A

lowermost layer

altitude increases=low pressure

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20
Q

environmental lapse rate

A

temp decrease ein troposphere

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21
Q

normal lapse rate

A

6 degrees C per km

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22
Q

thickness of troposphere

temp and altitude relationship

A

varies

higher altitude=drop in temp

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23
Q

tropopause

A

the outer boundary of troposphere

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24
Q

how can the environmental lapse be calculated?

A

radiosonde

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25
Q

where does all weather occur?

A

troposphere

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26
Q

what is the stratosphere

A

layer above troposphere

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27
Q

what is the outer boundary of the stratosphere called

A

stratopause

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28
Q

how does temp behave from the start of stratosphere to stratopause

A

increasing bc presence of ozone (absorbs uv = heat)

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29
Q

mesosphere

A

layer above stratosphere

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30
Q

what is special about the menopause

A

coldest of atmosphere (temp decreases as you go up)

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31
Q

Thermosphere

A

layer above the mesosphere

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32
Q

what happens at the thermosphere temp

limit

A

temp increaseing bc gasess absorbing short wave radiation and moving fast

not defined

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33
Q

whats the axis

A

line through npole and spole

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34
Q

what causes the seasons

A

changing amount of daylight
change of noon sun

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35
Q

what does the intensity of solar raadiation depend on

A

angle of sun

higher sun angle =more intense

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36
Q

relationship btw solar ray paths and angle

A

high angle: short path
low angle: longer path, sunlight more spread out, less intense

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37
Q

where’s the eonly place that gets 90 degree sunlight

what about the other latitudes

A

equatot

deecreased ssun angle=less intense

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38
Q

what is the relationship btw the sun angle and solar radiation in each 30 degree segment

A

as you go to polees, the length decreases (low angle of sun) and the solar radiation is less intense

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39
Q

what is the inclination of the axis

A

23.5

40
Q

when are the solstices?

A

december
june

41
Q

when is the earth tilted toward sun

which hemisphere is ummer solsitice

A

june

northern

42
Q

when is the earth tilted away from the sun

which hemisphere is winter solsice

A

december

northern

43
Q

what lline vertically strikes at the summer solstice? winter solstice?

A

tropic of cancer
tropic of capricorn

44
Q

when are the equinoxes?

what are the direct sunlights hitting

spring equinox hemi vs fall

A

spring:march
fall: september

equatorr

spring: northern, fall: nouthern

45
Q

for those living in the northern hemisoherem wich seasons are used for march and september

sourhtern hemi

A

march:spring
september: fall

march: fall; september: spring

46
Q

length of daylight everywhere on equinox

A

12 hrs

47
Q

as you inceraase your latitiude in the northern hemisphere, the length of daylight for the summer solsitice

A

increases

48
Q

heat aka

A

thermal energy

49
Q

temperature

A

avg kinetic energy of stoms, intensity of hotness

50
Q

How does the angle of the noonday sun change over the year?

A

noon sun crosssess equator twxce and loops around tropic of carpicorn and tropic of cancer

51
Q

conduction

convection

A

milecular activity

mass movement circulation

52
Q

how does solar energy reach our planet

A

radiation

53
Q

speed of light

A

300,000km per second

54
Q

which waves have the longest wave length

shortest

A

radio

gamma

55
Q

what color of visible light is the longest wave length

shortest

A

red

violet

56
Q

what part of the electromagnetic spectrum -infrared or ultravioolet- has shorter wavelengths

A

ultraaviolet

57
Q

laws of radiation

A
  1. all things emit radiation
  2. hotter=emit more radiaition
  3. hotter objects=emit more radiant energy in short wavelength
  4. good absorbers=good emmitterss
58
Q

earth to sun radiaiton vs sun to earth

A

sun to tearth: short wave
long wave

59
Q

results of radiation striking object

A
  1. absorbed: converted to heat–> temp increases
  2. transmit: no temp dif
  3. reflection and scattering/albedo
60
Q

why is the atmosphere transparent to incoming solar rradiaiton

A

50% absorbed at surface

61
Q

what percentage of incoming solar radiaiton is reflected and scaattered back to space

A

30%

62
Q

what is the percentage of solar radiation that is absorbed by clouds and gases in the atmosphere

A

20%

63
Q

reflections

A

light bounces back at same angle it was recieved at same intensity

64
Q

scattering

A

radiation deviates from trajectory caused by striking particles in atmossphere, splitting into many weak waves

65
Q

how is energy returned to space

A

reflection
emmisison of radiant energy

66
Q

albedo

A

fraction of total radiation reflected

67
Q

albedo of earth as whole

A

30%

68
Q

how is albedo affected by sun angle

A

low sun angle=more atmosphere to penetrate through=more loss of solar radiaiton

69
Q

is nitrogen a good obsorber ot poor obsorber of incoming solar radiatioin

A

poor

70
Q

oxygen’s relationship with ultraaviolet rays

A

removes them from atmosphere

71
Q

what is a significcant abosrver of uv

A

water vapor

72
Q

what is the atmosphere a good absorber of?

A

long waves emitted by earth (terrestrial radiaiton)

73
Q

what are the primary absorbingg gases

A

water vapor and co2

74
Q

wave lengths of cool objectss

A

longer

75
Q

greenhosue effect

A

after gases in atmosphere absorb radiation from earth, they raduate it skyward or earthward for it to be reabsorbed

76
Q

does earth’s surface mit ultraviolet, visble, or infrared radiation

A

infrared

77
Q

things with high albedos will be good or bad absorbers?

A

bad

78
Q

desrbie the temp of atmosphere above albedos

A

high albedos: warm
low: not warm

79
Q

high albedos

low

A

snow water

asphalt

80
Q

tf: the heating of earth’s surface affects the heating of air above

A

true

81
Q

difference btw land and water

A

land heats more rapidly and at higher temps

cools more rapidlly and at lower temps

82
Q

windward coasts vs leeward

A

windward: force of ocean, cool summer, mild winter
leeward: more cont. regime tmep

83
Q

things that affect albeedo

A

cllloud cover, sun angle, surface

84
Q

do clouds have a high or low albedo

A

high

85
Q

if there are clouds in the day, what happens?

clear vs overcast days

A

day temps lowered bc it reduces incoming solar radiation

clear: high temp; overcast:low tmeo

86
Q

at night, cloud cover causes

A

absorption of radiaiton emitted by earth, temps odn’t as low as a clear night

87
Q

what kind of shifting is there on the global distribution map

A

latitundinal shift caused by seasibal migration oif sun’s veritcals rays

88
Q

observations of global map

A

Temperature decreases poleward from tropics

89
Q

warm waters occur over
cold waters

A

continents’
continents

90
Q

isotherms of southern hemisphere vs northern hemisphere

warm current vs cold current on isotherm

A

southern: straight bc of no land mass

warm: poleward; cold: equatorial

91
Q

what has more flux: land or wwater

A

inland

92
Q

annual temp increases with

A

latitiude

93
Q

why does the temp at equatore staty relatively sam

A

similar length of daylight and angle

94
Q

what controls temp

A

land and water, altitude, sea currents

95
Q

factors affecting wind

A

pressure gradient force, coriolis, friction

96
Q

pressure gradient

isobars

A

preessure edifferences caause greater accelration of wind

same pressure

97
Q

subtropical high

polarsubrtropic low

A

tropic of caner and capri

artic and antarctic circle

GEO LAB (12 decks)

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