Minerals

Question 1

what elements does hematite have?

Answer 1

iron & oxygen

Question 2

what are the five characteristics that define a mineral

Answer 2

1. naturally occurring or mimics nature
2. Inorganic or identical to inorganic material
3. Solid
4. Orderly crystalline structure/chemically homogeneous
5. definite chemical comp. that allows for some variation

Question 3

inorganic

Answer 3

inorganic: found naturally in the ground and have no carbon chains attached to hydrogen

Question 4

how are animals involved in the production of inorganic minerals?

what do annimals secrete (mineral) & in what forms? when is it a mineral

Answer 4

secrete calcite in the form of shells or coral reefs, when buried, they’re considered minerals

Question 5

explain the fifth characteristic of minerals

Answer 5

specimen of same mineral have the same chemical formula (equal proportions of atoms), but element can substitute other elements of similar size without changing the mineral’s internal structure

Question 6

5 examples of minerals containing one element and what that element is

Answer 6

gold (Au), diamonds (C), native copper (Cu), sulfur (S), silver (Ag)

Question 7

Chemical formula of quartz, hematite, and halite

Answer 7

SiO2
Fe2O3
NaCl

Question 8

Will specimen of the same mineral break in the same fashion?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

Diagnostic properties
ex. halite

Answer 9

aid in mineral identification (something unique about that mineral)

halite-salty

Question 10

Ambiguous properties
ex.

Answer 10

properties that vary among specimen of the same mineral

color

Question 11

what are some minerals that come in a variety of colors?

Answer 11

quartz
flourite

Question 12

What minerals make up the rock granite?

Answer 12

hornblende (black)
quartz (gray)
feldspar (pink)

Question 13

Luster

what are the categories

Answer 13

the appearance/quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral

metallic, nonmetallic, submetallic

Question 14

metallic luster

Answer 14

minerals that have the appearance of a metal (shiny)

Question 15

examples of minerals with submetallic luster

Answer 15

galena and native copper: metallic but when exposed to atmosphere, they get tarnished and dull (submetallic luster)

Question 16

Nonmetallic luster adjectives

Answer 16

vitreous (glassy), dull/earthy, pearly, silky, greasy

Question 17

what mineral has a silky luster?

Answer 17

gypsum (satin spar)

Question 18

What is the color of sulfur?

diagnostic property
hardness

Answer 18

yellow

rotten egg smell, softer than nail

Question 19

Streak
what’s a streak plate made of?

Answer 19

Color of a mineral in powdered form
porcelain

Question 20

why is streak useful when working with specimen? Give an example using a mineral and its luster as well (nonmetallic and metallic)

Answer 20

specimen of the same mineral, despite having a dif color, will have a consistent streak color

hematite comes in reddish-brown (nonmetallic) and blackish (metallic) but will both have a brick red streak

Question 21

What mineral will not have a streak? Why?

Answer 21

quartz, harder than streak plate

Question 22

What varies with specimen of the same mineral and what doesn’t?

why

Answer 22

physical properties change, but chemical comps don’t

ionic substitutions, impurites, defects in crystalline structure

Question 23

Streak of metallic minerals vs nonmetallic

Answer 23

metallic: dense, dark
nonmetallic: light color

Question 24

what color is pyrite

aka

Answer 24

brass yellow

fools gold

Question 25

when do crystals develop

Answer 25

when in an unrestricted env

Question 26

Opaque

Answer 26

no light transmitted

Question 27

translucent

Answer 27

light transmitted

Question 28

transparent

Answer 28

light and image transmitted

Question 29

Crystal shape aka | definition

Answer 29

Habit: shape of ind. crystals or aggregates of crystals

Question 30

Habit of quartz

Answer 30

six sided (hexagon) and pyramid-like ends

Question 31

Habit of garnet, magnetite, pyrite

Answer 31

12-sided, octahedron, blocky

Question 32

What minerals have a cube-like habit?

Answer 32

flourite and halite

Question 33

habit adj

Answer 33

blocky, banded, cubic, fibrous, bladed (elongated), tabular (tablet shaped), granular (aggregates of crystals)

Question 34

Hardness what scale is used? tools associated with it and their hardness

Answer 34

resistance to being scratched mohs scale fingernail (2.5) penny (3.5) iron nail (4.5) glass plate (5.5) streak plate (6.5)

Question 35

Hardness (what will be scratched, who is the scratcher?)

Answer 35

scratched: softer mineral scratcher: harder mineral

Question 36

Index minerals in order from soft to hard

Answer 36

talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, orthoclase, quartz, topaz, conundrum, diamond

Question 37

what are hard minerals used as | 2 ex

Answer 37

abrasives | diamonds: saws garnets: sandpaper

Question 38

what is the chemical formula for graphite? hardness compared to diamond

Answer 38

C, softer bc the diamond has a more compact crystal structure

Question 39

what do people use to color their skin and hair? another mineral with distinctive color

Answer 39

hematite (red) and limonite, a variety of goethite, (yellow) malachite (green/bluish)

Question 40

cleavage

Answer 40

tendency of a mineral to break along planes on weak bonding (easier to break in that direction)

Question 41

cleavage planes vs directions of cleavage

Answer 41

planes: smooth, flat surfaces directions: cleavage suface with a different orientation

Question 42

2 planes of cleavage are counted as how many directions of cleavage (parallel)

Answer 42

1

Question 43

how do you know when a mineral demonstrates cleavage? how do you find cleavage planes?

Answer 43

when broken, pieces will all have the same geometry rotate it in light

Question 44

what group of minerals have 1 direction of cleavage, what's special about them? what two minerals are a part of that group? analogy

Answer 44

Micas (flat sheets that can peel) includes muscovite (lighter) and biotite (darker) book pages can be peeled, but you can't bend the book spine

Question 45

how many directions of cleavage does halite have? Angles? habit

Answer 45

3 directions, 90 degrees, cubic

Question 46

how many directions of cleavage does quartz have?

Answer 46

none, fractures into pieces that don't resemble each other or the original crystal bc Si&O bonds are equally strong in all directions

Question 47

how many directions of cleavage does olivine have?

Answer 47

none

Question 48

how many directions of cleavage does feldspar have? angles?

Answer 48

2 directions, 90 degrees

Question 49

how many directions of cleavage does hornblende have? angles

Answer 49

2 directions, 120 degrees and 60 degrees

Question 50

how many directions of cleavage does calcite have? angles? shape

Answer 50

3 directions, 75 degrees, rhombus

Question 51

how many directions of cleavage does fluorite have? galena?

Answer 51

4 direction 3 directions

Question 52

Fracture

Answer 52

minerals that don't have cleavage (chem.bonds are equally strong in all directions)

Question 53

types of fractures

Answer 53

irregular: uneven surfaces conchoidal: smooth, scoop curved surfaces with dangerous edges before fracture

Question 54

how many cleavage surfaces does clacite have? directions?

Answer 54

6 3

Question 55

ex of minerals w/conchoidal fracture

Answer 55

quartz olivine garnet

Question 56

tenacity adjectives

Answer 56

resistance to breaking, bending, deformation brittle, malleable, sectile, elastic

Question 57

minerals that are brittle 2 ex

Answer 57

minerals that are ionically bonded fluorite and halite

Question 58

minerals that are sectile 2 ex

Answer 58

minerals that can be cut into thin shavings gypsum and talc

Question 59

minerals that are elastic

Answer 59

micas

Question 60

minerals with a high specific gravity mostly have what luster

Answer 60

metallic

Question 61

other properties: talc calcite

Answer 61

soapy reaction to dilute hydrochloric acid (fizzes and produce CO2) & double refraction (letters appear twice)

Question 62

How to distinguish btw dif types of feldsbar? | characteristics

Answer 62

striations on plagioclase feldspar potassium felspar is salmon-colored/light colored, | 2 directions at 90 degrees, harder than glass

Question 63

Characteristics of hematite

Answer 63

comes in metallic (can scratch glass) and nonmetallic (softer than fingernail) forms red streak

Question 64

Characteristics of galena

Answer 64

silvery metallic, very shiny cubic/blocky cleavage very heavy 3 directions silver streak

Question 65

characteristics of graphite

Answer 65

greasy pencil lead irregular fracture

Question 66

pyroxene group

Answer 66

augite

Question 67

amphibole group

Answer 67

hornsblende

Question 68

talc characteristics

Answer 68

soapy softer than finger pearly

Question 69

gypsum characteristics

Answer 69

white or translucent 1 plane of cleavage silky softer than a fingernail

Question 70

augite vs hornblende characteristics

Answer 70

augite: 2 directions of cleavage at 90 degrees #13 hornsblende: 2 directions at 90 and 120 #18 both are harder than glass and greenish black to black

Question 71

wha tmakes a mineral a silicate mineral

Answer 71

silicate anion/silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO4^4-) refractory (high melt. point and low solubility), hard to extract things from them