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GEO LAB > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what elements does hematite have?

A

iron & oxygen

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2
Q

what are the five characteristics that define a mineral

A
  1. naturally occurring or mimics nature
  2. Inorganic or identical to inorganic material
  3. Solid
  4. Orderly crystalline structure/chemically homogeneous
  5. definite chemical comp. that allows for some variation
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3
Q

inorganic

A

inorganic: found naturally in the ground and have no carbon chains attached to hydrogen

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4
Q

how are animals involved in the production of inorganic minerals?

what do annimals secrete (mineral) & in what forms? when is it a mineral

A

secrete calcite in the form of shells or coral reefs, when buried, they’re considered minerals

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5
Q

explain the fifth characteristic of minerals

A

specimen of same mineral have the same chemical formula (equal proportions of atoms), but element can substitute other elements of similar size without changing the mineral’s internal structure

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6
Q

5 examples of minerals containing one element and what that element is

A

gold (Au), diamonds (C), native copper (Cu), sulfur (S), silver (Ag)

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7
Q

Chemical formula of quartz, hematite, and halite

A

SiO2
Fe2O3
NaCl

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8
Q

Will specimen of the same mineral break in the same fashion?

A

yes

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9
Q

Diagnostic properties
ex. halite

A

aid in mineral identification (something unique about that mineral)

halite-salty

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10
Q

Ambiguous properties
ex.

A

properties that vary among specimen of the same mineral

color

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11
Q

what are some minerals that come in a variety of colors?

A

quartz
flourite

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12
Q

What minerals make up the rock granite?

A

hornblende (black)
quartz (gray)
feldspar (pink)

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13
Q

Luster

what are the categories

A

the appearance/quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral

metallic, nonmetallic, submetallic

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14
Q

metallic luster

A

minerals that have the appearance of a metal (shiny)

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15
Q

examples of minerals with submetallic luster

A

galena and native copper: metallic but when exposed to atmosphere, they get tarnished and dull (submetallic luster)

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16
Q

Nonmetallic luster adjectives

A

vitreous (glassy), dull/earthy, pearly, silky, greasy

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17
Q

what mineral has a silky luster?

A

gypsum (satin spar)

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18
Q

What is the color of sulfur?

diagnostic property
hardness

A

yellow

rotten egg smell, softer than nail

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19
Q

Streak
what’s a streak plate made of?

A

Color of a mineral in powdered form
porcelain

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20
Q

why is streak useful when working with specimen? Give an example using a mineral and its luster as well (nonmetallic and metallic)

A

specimen of the same mineral, despite having a dif color, will have a consistent streak color

hematite comes in reddish-brown (nonmetallic) and blackish (metallic) but will both have a brick red streak

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21
Q

What mineral will not have a streak? Why?

A

quartz, harder than streak plate

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22
Q

What varies with specimen of the same mineral and what doesn’t?

why

A

physical properties change, but chemical comps don’t

ionic substitutions, impurites, defects in crystalline structure

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23
Q

Streak of metallic minerals vs nonmetallic

A

metallic: dense, dark
nonmetallic: light color

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24
Q

what color is pyrite

aka

A

brass yellow

fools gold

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25
Q

when do crystals develop

A

when in an unrestricted env

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26
Q

Opaque

A

no light transmitted

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27
Q

translucent

A

light transmitted

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28
Q

transparent

A

light and image transmitted

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29
Q

Crystal shape aka

definition

A

Habit: shape of ind. crystals or aggregates of crystals

30
Q

Habit of quartz

A

six sided (hexagon) and pyramid-like ends

31
Q

Habit of garnet, magnetite, pyrite

A

12-sided, octahedron, blocky

32
Q

What minerals have a cube-like habit?

A

flourite and halite

33
Q

habit adj

A

blocky, banded, cubic, fibrous, bladed (elongated), tabular (tablet shaped), granular (aggregates of crystals)

34
Q

Hardness
what scale is used? tools associated with it and their hardness

A

resistance to being scratched
mohs scale

fingernail (2.5)
penny (3.5)
iron nail (4.5)
glass plate (5.5)
streak plate (6.5)

35
Q

Hardness (what will be scratched, who is the scratcher?)

A

scratched: softer mineral
scratcher: harder mineral

36
Q

Index minerals in order from soft to hard

A

talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, orthoclase, quartz, topaz, conundrum, diamond

37
Q

what are hard minerals used as

2 ex

A

abrasives

diamonds: saws
garnets: sandpaper

38
Q

what is the chemical formula for graphite? hardness compared to diamond

A

C, softer bc the diamond has a more compact crystal structure

39
Q

what do people use to color their skin and hair? another mineral with distinctive color

A

hematite (red) and limonite, a variety of goethite, (yellow)

malachite (green/bluish)

40
Q

cleavage

A

tendency of a mineral to break along planes on weak bonding (easier to break in that direction)

41
Q

cleavage planes vs directions of cleavage

A

planes: smooth, flat surfaces
directions: cleavage suface with a different orientation

42
Q

2 planes of cleavage are counted as how many directions of cleavage (parallel)

A

1

43
Q

how do you know when a mineral demonstrates cleavage? how do you find cleavage planes?

A

when broken, pieces will all have the same geometry
rotate it in light

44
Q

what group of minerals have 1 direction of cleavage, what’s special about them? what two minerals are a part of that group? analogy

A

Micas (flat sheets that can peel)
includes muscovite (lighter) and biotite (darker)
book pages can be peeled, but you can’t bend the book spine

45
Q

how many directions of cleavage does halite have? Angles? habit

A

3 directions, 90 degrees, cubic

46
Q

how many directions of cleavage does quartz have?

A

none, fractures into pieces that don’t resemble each other or the original crystal bc Si&O bonds are equally strong in all directions

47
Q

how many directions of cleavage does olivine have?

A

none

48
Q

how many directions of cleavage does feldspar have? angles?

A

2 directions, 90 degrees

49
Q

how many directions of cleavage does hornblende have? angles

A

2 directions, 120 degrees and 60 degrees

50
Q

how many directions of cleavage does calcite have? angles? shape

A

3 directions, 75 degrees, rhombus

51
Q

how many directions of cleavage does fluorite have? galena?

A

4 direction
3 directions

52
Q

Fracture

A

minerals that don’t have cleavage (chem.bonds are equally strong in all directions)

53
Q

types of fractures

A

irregular: uneven surfaces
conchoidal: smooth, scoop curved surfaces with dangerous edges before fracture

54
Q

how many cleavage surfaces does clacite have? directions?

A

6
3

55
Q

ex of minerals w/conchoidal fracture

A

quartz
olivine
garnet

56
Q

tenacity
adjectives

A

resistance to breaking, bending, deformation

brittle, malleable, sectile, elastic

57
Q

minerals that are brittle
2 ex

A

minerals that are ionically bonded
fluorite and halite

58
Q

minerals that are sectile
2 ex

A

minerals that can be cut into thin shavings
gypsum and talc

59
Q

minerals that are elastic

A

micas

60
Q

minerals with a high specific gravity mostly have what luster

A

metallic

61
Q

other properties:
talc
calcite

A

soapy
reaction to dilute hydrochloric acid (fizzes and produce CO2) & double refraction (letters appear twice)

62
Q

How to distinguish btw dif types of feldsbar?

characteristics

A

striations on plagioclase feldspar
potassium felspar is salmon-colored/light colored,

2 directions at 90 degrees, harder than glass

63
Q

Characteristics of hematite

A

comes in metallic (can scratch glass) and nonmetallic (softer than fingernail) forms
red streak

64
Q

Characteristics of galena

A

silvery metallic, very shiny
cubic/blocky cleavage
very heavy
3 directions
silver streak

65
Q

characteristics of graphite

A

greasy
pencil lead
irregular fracture

66
Q

pyroxene group

A

augite

67
Q

amphibole group

A

hornsblende

68
Q

talc characteristics

A

soapy
softer than finger
pearly

69
Q

gypsum characteristics

A

white or translucent
1 plane of cleavage
silky
softer than a fingernail

70
Q

augite vs hornblende characteristics

A

augite: 2 directions of cleavage at 90 degrees #13
hornsblende: 2 directions at 90 and 120 #18

both are harder than glass and greenish black to black

71
Q

wha tmakes a mineral a silicate mineral

A

silicate anion/silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO4^4-)

refractory (high melt. point and low solubility), hard to extract things from them

GEO LAB (12 decks)

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