RoA - Nasal/Aural

Question 1

Nasal advantages

Answer 1

Convenient to use
Non invasive
Painless
Potential rapid onset of action
Can provide better systemic bioavailability than oral
Local effect and reduce systemic side effects

Question 2

Nasal devices

Answer 2

Squeeze plastic bottle - cheap
Nasal spray - delivers exact dose
Nasal tube - uncontrolled dose, messy (creams)
Novel devised - multitude

Question 3

Factors affecting systemic absorption

Answer 3

Solubility - drugs with low aq solubility 
Lipophilicity/hydrophilicity
Molecular size
Degree of ionisation 
Enzymatic activity 
Mucosal contract time
Nasal epithelium permeability

Question 4

How are drugs with low aq solubility problems overcome?

Answer 4

Excipients - co-solvents
Modification of molecular form
Selection of different salt form of an ionisable drug

Question 5

Ear drops

Answer 5

Solution/suspension with suitable vehicle (water)

Oil based may need to be heated up to increase effectiveness

Question 6

Ear wax

Answer 6

Removes stratum Cornell cells during turn over

Question 7

Acetic acid properties

Answer 7

Can be used locally to treat mild otitus externa
Possess antibodies and anti fungal activities
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