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Microbiology > RNA Viruses > Flashcards

RNA Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the positive stranded RNA viruses?

A

1) Caliciviruses
2) Flaviviruses
3) Togaviruses
4) Coronaviruses
5) Retroviruses
6) Picornaviruses

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2
Q

What are some negative stranded viruses?

A

1) Rhabdoviruses
2) Filoviruses
3) Bunyviruses
4) Arenaviruses
5) Reoviruses
6) Paramoyxoviruses
7) Orthomyxoviruses

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3
Q

What are the Caliciviruses?

How is it spread?

A
  • Norwalk virus (leading cause of viral gastroenteritisi), Hep. E
  • Spread via fecal-oral transmission
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4
Q

What are the clinical symptoms present in Norwalk virus?

A
  • Diarrhea and Nausea, fever in 1/3 of patients, incubation 24-48 hours.
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5
Q

What are the major diseases spread with Flavivirdae?

A
  • Yellow fever, west nile, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitits, Japanese encephalitis, Dengue, yellow fever, hep C
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6
Q

How are Flaviviridae transmitted?

A
  • are transmitted through arthropods- mosquitos
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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Flaviviridae?

A

primary- general: chills, headaches, and backaches

secondary- viremia- might affect the brain, liver, skin, and vasculatures

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8
Q

How is St. Louis Encephalitis virus transmitted?

Age group?

A
  • culex mosquito

- attacks in adults older than 40

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of West Nile Virus?
What is the time frame of the initial West Nile virus?
What is the time frame of the more severe form?

A
  • Mild form - fever, headache, body aches, occasional rash on trunk - several days
  • Severe form - (encephalitis)- high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, and paralysis - several weeks
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10
Q

Where is Dengue fever found?

How is Dengue fever transmitted?

A
  • middle East, Africa, Far East, Caribbean

- transmitted by the Aedes mosquito

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11
Q

What is Dengue fever’s other name, from its symptoms?

What are the symptoms associated?

A
  • “Break bone fever” - severe muscle and bone aches

- muscle and joint paint, N&V, rash and hemorrhagic manifestations (cytokine storm) - 6-7 days

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12
Q

Where is yellow fever classically contracted?

What are the systemic symptoms in the more severe form?

A
  • Caribbean, Central, South America, Africa
  • Severe systemic disease with degeneration of liver, kidney, heart, and hemorrhage.
    • -> liver involvement = jaundice (yellow fever)
    • -> GI hemorrhages = black vomit
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13
Q

How is Hepatitis C spread?

What is the percentage of patients with Hep C that get chronic cirhosis?

A
  • parenteral and sexual contact

- 80%

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14
Q

What type of vaccine is available for yellow fever and who is it given to?

A
  • Live attenuated vaccine given to travelers
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15
Q

How are most of the togaviruses spread?

What is not transmitted similarly?

A
  • arboviruses- mosquitos

- Rubella is not spread by mosquitoes

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16
Q

What are the disorders associated with togaviruses?

A
  • eastern equine encephalitis
  • western equine encephalitis
  • venezuelan equine encephalitis
  • Chickungunya
  • Rubella
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17
Q

What are the hosts of western, eastern, and venezuelan encephalitis?

A
  • horses
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18
Q

How is Rubella transmitted?

Why is it harmful to babies?

A

respiratory droplets

- crosses the placents

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19
Q

What can differentiate Rubella from Rubeola (measles)?

What can differentiate congenital Rubella from CMV?

A
  • Rubella (german measles) - patient has very pronouced lymphadenopathy - not seen in measles
  • Congenital Rubella can present with infant cataracts (only one that can).
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20
Q

What vaccine is available for Rubella?

A
  • MMR- R is for Rubella
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21
Q

What is the diseases most associated with coronaviridae?

A
  • Common cold (second most common cause) and SARS
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22
Q

What is the transmission of coronaviridae?

Where do you need to travel to get this?

A
  • Respiratory droplets

- China, Toronto,

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23
Q

What are the disorders associated?

A
  • Enteroviruses: polio virus, coxsackie A, coxsackie B, Echoviruses
  • Rhinovirus
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24
Q

What is the normal pathogenesis of picornaviridae?

A
  • Viral replication initiated in the mucosa and lymphoid tissues
  • Primary viremia spreads virus to receptor bearing targets
  • Secondary viremia - polio must cross BBB and gain access to brain by skeletal muscle traveling up.
25
Q

How are picornaviridae transmitted? What type of disease is it not?

A
  • Fecal- Oral transmission

- Not an enteric disease - weird!

26
Q

What are the symptoms in the polio virus?- what is the percentage in this form.

A
  • flaccid muscle paralysis (anterior horn cell degeneration) but preservation of sensory
  • .1-2%- 80% are asymtomatic
27
Q

What is the major disease manifestation of Coxsackie A?

Where is it frequently found?

A

Hand-Foot and mouth disease- vesicular lesions on hand, feet, and mouth.
- Daycare

28
Q

What is the main clinical vingenette of a coxsackie B patient?

A
  • sudden onset of heart failure in a young adult (20s)

- fecal oral spread

29
Q

What virus is commonly transmitted with consumption of undercooked shellfish from sewage infested water?
What vaccine would be used to treat it?

A
  • Hepatitis A virus

- inactivated vaccine

30
Q

Where and why does the rhinoviruses stay once in the body?

What receptor does 80% of Rhinoviruses bind to?

A
  • In the upper respiratory tract becuase they can only replicate at 33 degrees celcius
  • ICAM receptors
31
Q

What is the main disease associated with Rhabdoviruses?

- What are the shaped of the viruses?What other diagnostic clues are important?

A
  • Rabies
  • bullet shaped,
  • Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions in brain)
32
Q

What transmits rabies?

Once infected how and where does the virus travel?

A
  • bats, raccoons bites , in countries without vaccinations then dogs are main carrier.
  • Retrograde axoplasmic to the dorsal root ganglia
33
Q

How long can the virus incubate before signs develop?

What are the classic symptoms associated with rabies?

A
  • months -
  • Prodrome stage: headache, fever, GI, fatigue, anorexia,
  • Neurological Stage: Hydrophobia, seizures, disorientation, hallucination, paralysis, confusion, delirium
  • Coma:
34
Q

What are the big disease manifestation of Ebola?

What is its major symptom?

A
  • Ebola
  • Severe or fatal hemorrhagic fever due to entering vascular endothelial cells leading to them bleeding in the liver, spleen, LN, and lungs –> edema and shock.
35
Q

Where is this virus mainly found?

Is this an aerosol virus?

A

Africa

- no, need direct contact with blood/ secretions

36
Q

Bunyavirus transmission?

Pathogenesis?

A
  • Arboviruses, except for hantavirus - RODENT born
  • Directly to the blood - primary viremia to CNS, liver, kidney, and vascular endothelium causing neuronal or glial cell damage, cerebral edema leading to encephalitis.
37
Q

Transmission of bunyavirus?

A
  • mosquitoes, ticks, etc. Humans are infected. (Feces can become aerosolized) when they enter the environment of the vector.
38
Q

What is the prominent symptomatic feature of hantavirus?

A
  • hemorrhagic tissue destruction and lethal pulmonary complications, myalgia in the legs, once cardiopulmonary phase begins put on ventilator then it rapidly progress
39
Q

Area significant for Hantavirus?

A
  • SE US - Arizona
40
Q

What is a key feature of the progression of arenaviridae?

A
  • takes cellular ribosomes with them as they replicate and are therefore “studded” in ribosomes
41
Q

What is the transmission and the presenting disease with reovirus?
What are the different types of Reoviridae?

A
  • fecal-oral, respiratory and common cold

- reovirus, rotavirus, and CTFV

42
Q

What is the transmission and the presenting disease with Rotavirus?

A
  • Fecal-oral and gastroenteritis no blood or pus.
43
Q

How do you differentiate between Norwalks and rotatvirus?

A

Both are gastroenteritis pathogens but if the patient can walk its Norwalk and if they can’t than its rotavirus. Age

44
Q

What are the disease manifestation associated with orthomyoxoviridae?
What species does influenza A infect?
What species does influenza B infect?

A
  • Influenzavirus A and B
  • infects people and animals
  • infects just people
45
Q

What 2 proteins does the orthomyoxoviridae envelope have?

A
  • Hemagglutinin - binds to N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) and entry into cells
  • Neuraminidase - liquefies mucous, and removes sialic acid to free virus.
  • allows these viruses to evolve via antigenic shift and drift
46
Q

Antigenic shift?
How?
What does it result in?

A
  • genetic mutation (random shuffling)- replaced with a new virus. Occurs quickly and can spread rapidly due to lack of antibodies against it
  • 2 viruses in the same cell, can occur due to lack of proofreading activity in RNA viruses
  • Occurs in flu and only result in PANDEMICS
47
Q

Antigenic drift?

A
  • Small changes in the amino acid sequence of Ha and NA - occurs yearly
  • Occurs in EPIDEMICS
48
Q

What group is most at risk of death in orthomyxoviridae?

What is the main mechanism of action?

A
  • Elderly, and children most likely to develop influenza
  • No viremia - but intense inflammatory response in the respiratory tract due to killed epithelia -confined to respiratory tract- symptoms for about 1 week. Can lead to secondary bacterial infections.
49
Q

Why should you not give children aspirin with influenzae A or B?

A

cause of Reyes

50
Q

What are the 3 viruses associated with Paramyxoviridae?

What does paramyxoviridae induce?

A
  • Morbillivirus- measles
    Paramyxovirus - Parainfluenza
    Pneumovirus - Respiratory Synctial virus
  • cell to cell fusion resulting in synctia formaltion
51
Q

What are the key symptoms of morbillivirus (measles)?

A
  • high fever that develops into maclopapular rash (BELOW THE EARS), cough conjunctivitis, Coryza (3 C’s), Photophobia, Koplick spots appear after 2 days (oral mucosa)
52
Q

How does measles spread?

What is the vaccine for measles?

A
  • respiratory droplets before and after the onset of symptoms
  • Live attenuated vaccine - MMR
53
Q

What is the late sequela for Measles?

A
  • occurring 10-15 years post infection - Subacute Sclerosing pan encephalitis (SSPE)- really rare
54
Q

What characteristic symptom is Parainfluenzae associated with?
How is parainfluenzae transmitted by?

A
  • CROUP due to severe lower respiratory traction infection in infants and young children. Other symptoms are because virus stayed in upper respiratory tract –> bronchiolitis and pneumonia
  • Parainfluenzae transmitted by respiratory droplets
55
Q

How fast do the symptoms in children resolve in parainfluenzae?
What is another key diagnostic factor found with parainfluenza?

A

Recovery within 48 hours

- syncytia

56
Q

What is the characteristic symptoms of Mumps?

How is mumps spread?

A
  • Bilateral parotid swelling virus can spread via viremia to testes (ORCHIDITIS–> sterility), ovary, pancreas, thyroid, swelling of ostium of Stenson’s duct. Begins as respiratory
  • Respiratory droplets - person to person
57
Q

Diagnostic for mumps?

Vaccine?

A
  • Giant multinucleated cells in cell culture

- MMR

58
Q

What is the most frequent cause of fatal respiratory tract infection in infants and young children?

A

Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) - infected by age 4 mucous plugs block airway–> death

59
Q

Transmission of RSV?

RSV symptoms?

A
  • transmitted on hands by fomites and respiratory routes
  • Symp: upper respiratory tract infection (rhinorrhea *); lower respiratory tract infections: bronchiolitis, air trapping and decreased ventilation

Microbiology (11 decks)

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