- RNA enveloped viruses - AuCoin Flashcards
What family is rabiesvirus in?
Rhabdoviridae
Is the RNA dep RNA pol within the capsid or just genome encoded for - RNA viruses?
in the capsid
By what method are rhabodviruses brought into the cell?
endocytosis
T/F: rabies can infect all animals
true
How is rabies transmitted?
animal bites
How long is the incubation period of rabies virus?
2 weeks to a year
What phase of rabies is this: Fever, nausea, headache, spread to CNS from muscle
prodrome phase
What phase of rabies is this: Hydrophobia, anxiety, paralysis, coma, death (~100%)
neurologic phase
After being bitten, what is the treatment protocol?
Administration of BOTH the vaccine AND human rabies IgG
What speical type of inclusion bodies does rabies show that is diagnostic?
Negri bodies
What are the two methods of rabies Dx?
cytologic detection of Negri bodies or immunochemical detection of viral antigen in brain tissue
Hemorrhagic fever from ebola has what mortality rate?
90%
What is the likely reservoir for Ebola?
bats
What is the mode of transmission of ebola?
contact with contaminated body fluids
How does ebola spread within the body?
it infects macrophages and spreads throughout the body
The release of cytokines during an Ebola infection causes tissue destruction, leading to increased (blank), hemorrhage, and shock
vascular permeability
What are the symptoms of severe hemorrhagic fever?
sudden fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, and vomiting and diarrhea
Bleeding into the skin, mucous membranes, and visceral organs signals what about Ebola?
end stage severe hemorrhagic fever
What is the cause of death in ebola?
multiorgan failure and shock
Is there a treatment or vaccine for ebola?
nope. sucks to suck.
What are the three methods to diagnose ebola?
immunoassay, PCR, and serology
What is the only virus within the family of orthomyxovirus?
influenza
How is influenza brought into the cell?
receptor mediated endocytosis
what is the receptor that allows for flu entry?
sialic acid receptor
What is unique about the ribonucleoproteins in flu?
they are segmented
Where does the influenza genome replicate. Why is this strange?
In the nucleus, even though it is an RNA virus
Where is flu mRNA produced? Where is it translated?
made in the nucleus, translated in the cytosol
T/F: viral replications proteins made from flu mRNA are moved back into the nucleus
true
Where does assembly and budding of flu occur?
at the plasma membrane
What is the common capsid/genome structure for -RNA viruses?
E: HELICAL CAPSID: - ssRNA
T/F: flu is capable of causing pandemics
true
how many people in the US die every year from flu?
36k
what is the mode of transmission of flu?
respiratory droplets
flu a causes (pandemics/outbreaks), flu b causes (pandemics/outbreaks), and flu C causes milder straings
A: pandemics
B: outbreaks
How many antigenic types of HA and N subunits are there for flu A?
HA: 16
N: 9
What animals can flu A infect?
birds, chickens, pigs
What is the difference between antigenic shift and drift?
shift: reassortment of segments of the RNA genome
drift: small mutations in the RNA genome
Antigenic changes to (blank and blank) cause epidemics and pandemics
HA and NA
What is the incubation time for flu?
24-48 hours
What age group is at extra risk of flu?
elderly
diseases of what two organ systems puts you at greater risk of flu infection?
cardiac or pulmonary
How long is it until flu symptoms resolve?
4-7 days
(blank) may complicate a flu infection
pneumonia
Flu immunity depends on secretory Ig(blank) targeting (blank) in the respiratory tract
IgA targeting HA
What is the common way of diagnosing flu?
clinical
What are the two antivirals for flu?
Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) and Relenza (zanamivir)
The flu vaccine contains what two strains?
A and B
Super infection of (blank) will cause pneumonia post-influenza infection
staph aureus
What is the other virus that shares the same family as Ebola virus?
Marburg virus
Measles is in what genus inside of paramyxo?
Morbilivirus
what disease is characterized by a maculopapular rash?
measles
How is measles transmitted?
respiratory droplets
How does measles spread throughout the body?
via macrophages
What is the length of the incubation period for measles?
10-14 days
What are the initial symptoms of measles?
fever, conjunctivitis, runny nose and cough followed by rash that spreads from face to extremities
How does the rash spread in measles?
from face to extremities
What are Koplick spots? IN what disease do you see them?
small white spots on inflamed mucosa, seen in measles
T/F: encephalitis is a potential complication of measles
true
What is in the measles vaccine?
live attenuated virus
Croup, laryngitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in children are all caused by what virus?
Parainfluenza virus (PIV)
What is the mode of transmission of PIV?
respiratory droplets
what strains of PIV are the most common cause of croup?
PIV 1 and 2
What is characterized by a barking cough?
croup
T/F: PIV can also cause the common cold and otitis media
true
PIV 3 infects the (lower/upper) respiratory tract
lower
How do you diagnose PIV infection?>
clinical
What causes the barking cough in croup?
Swelling of the trachea and vocal cords, can be seen on xray!
Painful swelling of the parotid gland is what disease?
mumps
How is mumps transmitted?
respiratory droplets
How many serotypes of mumps virus are there?
just one
Mumps infects the (upper/lower) respiratory tracts
upper
Besides the parotid gland, where else does mumps spread?
testes, ovaries, pancreas, and meninges in some cases
Do you diagnose mumps clinically or via the lab?
clinically
What is contained in the mumps vaccine?
live attenuated virus
What is the most common cause of pneumonia and bronchitis in infants?
Respiratory syncytial virus
Neonates, peme’s, and infants with cardiopulmonary disease are targets for what virus?
RSV
How is RSV transmitted?
respiratory droplets
What does RSV cause in adults?
common cold, bronchitis, pneumonia IN THE ELDERLY
Infants have a pronounced cough and wheezing (not barking) with what viral infection?
RSV
Is there a test to check for RSV?
yes, rapid Ab test
What med is recommended for severely ill patients hospitalized with RSV?
Ribavirin
What are the immunization options for RSV?
passive Ab immunization
70% of bronchiolitis cases are caused by what bug?
RSV
What is the CT finding associated with children with RSV?
bilateral perifular fullness
What is a sig. cause of acute respiratory disease in infants and children?
Metapneumovirus
What is the second leading cause of bronchiolitis in winter months?
metapneumovirus; RSV is first
What is the mode of transmission of metapneumovirus?
respiratory droplets
Is there treatment for metapneumo?
nope
is there a lab test to confirm metapneumo?
PCR of respiratory secretions
Which infects younger children, RSV or metapneumo?
RSV: metapneumo infects older children and is less severe
What are the two syndromes with hantavirus?
HFRS: fever with renal syndrome
HPS: pulmonary syndrome
WHere is HFRS found?
Europe, Asia, and Afrika
Where is HPS found? What is the other name for it?
US, SIN NOMBRE VIRUS
What is the endemic carrier of HPS in western us (NM, AZ)
deer mice
how do you get hantavirus?
inhalation of rodent feces and urine
Where does hantavirus replicate?
pulmonary capillary endothelial cells
HPS causes flu like symptoms followed by (blank)
respiratory failure
what is the mortality rate of HPS?
35%
What are the methods for Dx of hantavirus?
RNA in lung tissue, PCR, ChIP, IgM
Is there a vaccine for hantavirus?
nope
California encephalitis virus is transmitted by what fucking bug?
god damn mosquitoes
What CE subtype most often causes encephalitis?
La Crosse Virus–californians like to play LaX!
IN what age group and in what season do we see the most cases of CE?
<16y, during the summer
Half the patients with CE develop (blanks)
seizures
T/F: most patients with CE suffer long term brain damage from the seizures
false; most recover completely. 1% mortality is due to asceptic meningitis
T/F: people seropositive for CE are protected against reinfection
true
What part of the US do we normally see CE?
Eastern US, WTF!
What is the vector for the crimean congo hemorrhagic fever?
tick; seen in aFrica, east europe, and asia
what is the mortality rate of crimean congo hem. fever?
3-30%
crimean congo hemorrhagic fever causes extensive damage to what organ?
liver damage leading to hepatomegaly
T/f: There is a treatment for crimean congo hem. fever
true; ribavirin
HOw do you diagnose crimean congo fever?
serology
What are the two stages of crimean congo fever?
initial: fever, headache, myalgia, dizziness, and mental confusion
Hemorrhagic phase: bleeding form nose, gi, uterus, respiratory tract
Rift valley fever is a mosquito borne virus that infects what animals?
livestock
What is the most common route of human infection with Rift valley virus?
zoonotic infection via infected livestock tissue
Where do we see most cases of Rift valley virus?
Sub-Saharan africa and Egypt
T/F: Rift valley virus complete recovery is common
true
retinitis, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever are complications of (blank)
rift valley fever virus
What percent of Rift valley virus patients have complete loss of vision?
1-10%; 1% of pts die
How do you Dx rift valley virus?
viral isolation from tissues, serological via ELISA
How is Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) transmitted?
aerosol inhalation, ingestion of contaminated food
What are the small house pets that are reservoirs for LCM?
hamsters or pet mice (secretions and excretions)
T/F: LCM is mostly aysmptomatic
true
T/F: aseptic meningitis presents in a minority of LCM patiens
true
What Ig(s) do you use to diagnose LCM?
IgM and IgG
How is Lassa fever virus transmitted?
aerosol transmission or contact with rodent excretions
lassa fever virus can be spread person to person via (blank)
blood, secretions, and excretions
Where is lassa fever virus endemic?
Est afrika, lassa, Nigeria
T/F: lassa fever virus is normally asymptomatic
false; SEVERE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
After lass fever virus enters via a cut in the skin, it replicates in the (blank)
lymph nodes
Lassa fever virus develops viremia and spreads throughout the body via (blank)
macrophages
Is there a treatment or vaccine for lassa fever virus?
Treatment: ribavirin
no vaccine
How do you diagnose Lassa fever virus?
IgM or IgG
Subactue sclerosing panencephalitis is a severe complication of (blank)
measles
