+ RNA enveloped viruses - AuCoin Flashcards
What are the three major families of enveloped +RNA viruses?
Toga
Flavi
Corona
What family and genus is Rubella Virus in?
Toga - rubivirus
What are the two methods of transmission of rubella virus?
respiratory droplets or TRANSPLACENTALLY
T/F: rubella has been eradicated from the US
true
What is the common name for rubella?
german measles
Where is the location of initial replication of rubella virus?
nasopharynx and lymph nodes
Where does rubella spread after the initial infection?
spreads VIA blood to internal organs and skin
What are the symptoms of rubella infection in children?
mild: rash, low fever, nausea, and mild conjunctivitis
Congenital rubella virus causes significant (blank)
birth defects
How do you diagnose rubella infection?
IgM or 4x increase in IgG titers
What type of vaccine is used for rubella? For how long is it effective?
Live attenuated vaccine; 10 years
blueberry muffin rash and cataracts in a newborn are indicative of what infection?
rubella
What countries still have endemic rubella?
Africa, India, Phillipines, Haiti
Mosquitoes are the vector for (blank) viruses
Arbovirus
What are two major life threatening complications of arboviruses?
encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever
T/F: the three families included in arbovirus are Toga, flavi, and corona
FALSE: toga, flavi, and Bunya
What type of mosquito is the vector for West Nile virus?
Aedes albopticus; female Asian tiger mosquito
What is the family and genus of Eastern equine encephalitis virus?
Togavirus - Alphavirus
EEE has what type of vector?
it is an arbovirus
What is the reservoir of EEE?
wild birds!
What is the mortality rate of EEE?
33%
(blank) type infections of EEE can hapen in horses in the US
epizootic
Severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, fever; changes in mental status, seizures and coma are suggestive of?
EEE
T/F: survivors of EEE are left with permanent brain damage
true; think about getting kicked in the head by a horse
How is EEE diagnosed?
isolating virus or detecting rise in Ab titer
Is there a vaccine or antiviral for human infection of EEE? Horses?
No for humans, yes for horses
What region of the US is infected with EEE?
East coast, south east
EEE may have similar symptoms at onset to (blank)
meningitis
Is Western equine encephalitis more or less severe than EEE?
less severe
Where is WEE found?
West of Mississippi and South America
What is the mortality rate of WEE?
2%
T/F: WEE has a vaccine for horses but not for humans
true
Is the reservoir horses or birds in Venezuelan equine encephalitis?
horses
Where is VEE found?
South and Central America
What are the symptoms of VEE? Is it fatal?
flu like symptoms, only fatal to those with weak immune systems
T/F: VEE has a vaccine for both horses AND people
true
What types of people are vaccinated against VEE?
laboratory and military
What is the vector for Dengue?
mosquitoes
Where is Dengue endemic?
SE Asia, central/south America, Caribbean, not US
T/F: it is common to see imported cases of Dengue in the US
true
How many serotypes of Dengue are there?
4
Dengue fever is also known as (blank)
Breakbone fever
What are the symptoms of Dengue breakbone fever?
acute febrile, headache, retroocular pain, rash, myalgia and bone pain
What is the difference between breakbone fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever?
hemorrhagic progresses to prostration, GI and skin hemorrhage, shock, and coma
what is the mortality of dengue hemorrhagic fever?
10%
Is there a vaccine or treatment for dengue?
nope
How do you diagnose dengue? IgM or IgG?
IgM
How does dengue spread in the body?
via monocytes and macrophages
Birds, especially CROWS, are susceptible to this virus
West Nile virus
What two age groups are at higher risk of getting west nile?
children and elderly
How does west nile travel in the body and what is its target organ?
spreads via monocytes and macrophages, targets the brain
What percent of people with WNV are symptomatic?
only 1%
What is the range of symptoms of WNV?
flu like to encephalitis; Headache, nausea, high fever, malaise, myalgia, backache, neck stiffness
Is there a vaccine and/or treatment for WNV?
nope
What are the two ways to diagnose WNV?
virus specific IgM in the serum or CSF!
What is the family of St. Louis virus?
Flavi
what is the vector for St. Louis virus
mosquitoes, of course
T/F: St. louis encephalitis has outbreaks in the US
true
when are SLE outbreaks common?
late summer and early fall
Serious SLE (blank) infections cause headache, nausea, high fever, malaise, myalgia, backache, and neck stiffness
neuroinvasive
What is the mortality of SLE? What group is most susceptible?
3-30%; elderly
How do you diagnose SLE?
serodiagnosis of IgM in serum OR CSF!
What is the family of Yellow fever virus?
Flavi
what is the vector of yellow fever?
mosquitoes
Where is yellow fever endemic?
Africa and South America
Yellow fever causes (200k/500k) illnesses and (30k/90k) deaths every year
200k, 30k
What percentage of Africans are not vaccinated against yellow fever?
90 fucking percent
Name this bug: Causes hemorrhagic fever characterized by jaundice, fever, headache, myalgia, black vomit, hemorrhages
Yellow fever virus
what is the mortality rate of yellow fever?
20-50%
How do you diagnose yellow fever?
serum IgM
Is there a vaccine and/or treatment for yellow fever virus?
No treatment, but highly effective live attenuated vaccine
What family is Hep C?
Flavi
T/F: HCV is transmitted via the alimentary tract
false: parenterally
What two groups of people are at high risk for HCV infection?
organ transplant recipients and IVDUs
What is the most common indication for liver transplant?
HCV associated cirrhosis
WHat cells does HCV infect? what cells cause liver injury?
HCV infects hepatocytes, and liver injury is from CTLs
T/F: primary infection is asymptomatic
true
what are the symptoms of an acute infection with HCV?
decreased appetite, fatigue, nausea, muscle/joint pain, wt. loss
Chronic hepatitis develops in (blank)% of HCV cases and leads to cirrhosis
75%
Liver cirrhosis predisposes pts to (blank)
liver carcinoma
How do you diagnose HCV infection?
RT-PCR for virion RNA
Is there a Hep C vaccine?
no
Sovaldi inhibits HCV how?
inhibits HCV polymerase
What are the three treatments for HCV?
Sovaldi, IFN, and Ribavirin
If the HCV Ab is nonreactive, what does this mean?
person does not have hep C
If the only lab test you have is a reactive HCV Ab, what does this mean?
you presume they have an HCV infection
If you have both a reactive HCV Ab and detected HCV RNA, what does this mean?
you have a confirmed current HCV infection
If you have a reactive HCV Ab but no HCV RNA, what does this mean?
No CURRENT hep C infection
What is the second most common cause of the common cold?
coronavirus
Is the coronavirus that causes SARS the same as the one that causes the common cold?
no
How is coronavirus transmitted?
respiratory aerosol
Coronavirus infection is limited to the (blank) cells of the respiratory tract
mucosal
What are the symptoms of SARS?
flu like with fever, dsypnea and hypoxia
How does atypical pneumonia from SARS present?
diffuse edema resulting in hypoxia
What is unique about the coronavirus capsid?
it is HELICAL and not icosahedral!!
