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Psychology A-Level > RM3- Self-Report Methods, Quantitative and Qualitative Data > Flashcards

RM3- Self-Report Methods, Quantitative and Qualitative Data Flashcards

1
Q

self-report methods

A

forms of research where the participants give their own accounts and provide information about their own feelings, thoughts and behaviours on a topic

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2
Q

what data do self-report methods gather?

A

quantitative and qualitative

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3
Q

what type of data is easier to analyse

A

quantitative

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4
Q

what type of data provides more detail

A

qualitative

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5
Q

quantitative data

A

measure of values or amounts
-numerical

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6
Q

qualitative data

A

data representing information and concepts collected through interviews, open questions and content analysis. It allows researchers to develop insights into the nature of subjective experiences, opinions and feelings.

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7
Q

likert scale

A

a scale used to represent people’s attitudes to a topic

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8
Q

investigator effects

A

occur when a researcher unintentionally or unconsciously influences the outcome of any research they are conducrting

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9
Q

anonymity

A

condition of being anonymous

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10
Q

population validity

A

the extent to which the sample can be generalised to similar and wider population

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11
Q

replicabiltity

A

obtaining the same results if the experiment is repeated exactly in the same way with similar conditions and methods.

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12
Q

reliability

A

the consistency of the findings or results of a psychology research study- staying the same?

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13
Q

validity

A

the test measures are precisely what is aimed to be measured, so the data collected is accurate

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14
Q

what are questionnaires?

A

involve providing participants with a written set of questions to complete

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15
Q

evaluation points of questionnaires

A
  1. little interaction between researcher and participant
    -less chance for demand characteristics or investigator bias
    -may be confusion amongst understanding questions
  2. questions are fixed and the same
    -use standardisation, can be easily replicated to show reliability
    -doesn’t give flexibility into exploring something in more depth
  3. can be given face-to-face, post or online
    -online is quicker, faster for responses and cheaper
    -post takes longer, effort and may not respond
    -face to face will not be misleading, risk of bias and investigator effects.
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16
Q

what are the the two types of questions in questionnaires

A

open and closed

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17
Q

what are open questions?

A

questions that allow for participants to answer in their own words
-likely to provide more quantitative data

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18
Q

what are closed questions?

A

questions that require participants to select an answer form given options
-likely to provide more quantitative data

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19
Q

what issue may arise if the questions are not easy to understand?

A

misinterpretation
-produce invalid answers
-responses may be irrelevant and inaccurate

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20
Q

what issue may arise if the questions are leading?

A

invalid responses
-bias answers
-respondents answer in a way they think is expected/ desired.

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21
Q

what issue may arise if participants work out the aim of the research?

A

demand characteristics
-affect validity of responses

to stop this use filler/ distractor questions

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22
Q

what can be used to help hide the aim of the study?

A

filler/ distractor questions
-not relevant to the topic being investigated

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23
Q

are questionnaires easy to repeat?

A

yes
-high replicability
-improves population validity (larger sample)

24
Q

how can questionnaire data be more truthful and valid?

A

respondents may feel more able to reveal personal information if they are assured anonymity

25
Q

do questionnaires have any investigator effects?
why?

A

no, there is no need for an investigator to be present, increasing validity of responses

BUT, ppts may misinterpret questions

26
Q

advantages of collecting quantitative data in questionnaires?

A

-easy to analyse
-easier to draw comparisons

27
Q

what is acquiescence bias?
is it present in questionnaires?

A

the tendency to agree
-this decreases validity of responses as it may not be truthful
(may be more likely in interviews)

28
Q

what is social desirability bias?

A

respondents deliberately answer in a way which makes them appear more socially acceptable

29
Q

what are interviews?

A

they involve social interaction between researcher and participants
-involve a trained researcher asking questions directly to a ppt and their responses are recorded or transcribed.

30
Q

what types of questions do interviews use?

A

both open and closed questions

31
Q

what are the three types of interviews?

A

structured
unstructured
semi-structured

32
Q

what are structured interviews?

A

fixed predetermined questions

33
Q

what are unstructured interviews?

A

no fixed questions, researcher asks questions depending on their answer

34
Q

what are semi-structured interviews?

A

there are guidelines for questions to be asked, phrasing and timing are up to the interviewer

35
Q

why might participants show social desirability bias in interviews?

A

there is no anonymity
-reduces validity

36
Q

why might acquiescence bias occur in interviews?

A

may feel pressure to agree as they are in a social situation
-reduces validity

37
Q

why are interviews better when dealing with sensitive topics?

A

researcher can reassure ppt and pick up signs of distress
-less ethical issues

38
Q

why is there low inter-rater reliability in interviews

A

each interview will have different timings and phrasing of questions
-unstructured interviews are very low in reliability
-causes a lack of consistency in participant responses.

39
Q

why is it an advantage when interviews use open questions?

A

gains qualitative data
-more depth and detail
-better understanding
-higher validity

40
Q

why can interviews be time consuming?

A

-only one can be conducted at a time
-researchers need to be skilled
-need to find time and place convenient for ppt

this usually means interviews gain a smaller sample of ppts
-less representative

41
Q

what is qualitative data?

A

non-numerical data which is used to explore subjective experiences and attitudes

42
Q

what is quantitative data?

A

numerical data and the analysis of statistical methods
-produces objective data

43
Q

what is qualitative data used for?

A

attitudes, beliefs and opinions

44
Q

what is quantitative data used for?

A

hypotheses, identify patterns and make predictions

45
Q

is quantitative data more or less objectively analysed that qualitative data?

A

more
-less interpretation
-comparisons can be drawn more easily

46
Q

when collecting quantitative data do respondents feel forced to select answers that do or do not represent their real thoughts?

A

that do not represent their real thoughts and feelings, leading to data which is superficial and lacks detail
-has a lower validity

47
Q

does qualitative data help researchers gain new insights?

A

they can provide unexpected answers and rich detail allowing new insights to be reached
-the data is rich in depth and detail

48
Q

is qualitative data easier or harder to analyse due to large number of possible answers?

A

it is harder
-making it difficult to draw comparisons and conclusions between data sets

49
Q

which data is scientifically objective?

A

quantitative
-numerical data can be interpreted using statistical analysis
-analysis is free from bias and interpretation, high in objectivity

50
Q

which data is highly subjective?

A

qualitative data
-includes non-numerical data
-data cannot be easily compared or categorised
-data is open to bias and interpretation, not scientifically objective

51
Q

which data is highly valid?

A

qualitative data
-non numerical data
-in depth and insightful data
-can capture more descriptive data

52
Q

which interview method allows for the most in depth detail

A

-unstructured interviews
-collects qualitative data which is more valid

53
Q

which type of data gathering is more time and cost effective?

A

quantitative data are time and cost effective
-immediate production of information that is numerical
-easily compared quickly

54
Q

which data is more reliable?

A

quantitative data
-based on measured, numerical values
-requires minimal interpretation from researchers, so is directly comparable to see consistency of responses.

55
Q

what makes a good questionnaire and interview?
(question constructions)

A

-avoid leading questions
-avoid ambiguity
-avoid double-barelled questions (two part)
-avoid complex phrases or technical terms
-not be too long
-organise questions in appropriate order

56
Q

give some ways to assess and improve the validity and reliability of ppts answers?

A

-lie identifiers
-distractor/ filler questions
-reverse the scoring of likert scales if using several
-do a pilot study
-try to reduce social desirability when dealing with sensitive topics (use anonymity)

Psychology A-Level (12 decks)

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