RM 2/2

Question 1

What does quantitative mean?

Answer 1

To do with numbers

Question 2

What does qualitative mean?

Answer 2

To do with text

Question 3

What is a control condition?

Answer 3

A condition that helps us understand the role of the IV and DV or rule out alternate explanations for results

Question 4

What is matched pairs experimental design?

Answer 4

participants are matched between the two (or more) conditions to account for individual differences

Question 5

What is an extraneous variable?

Answer 5

A variable not controlled in the experiment that could affect the DV

Question 6

What is a confounding variable?

Answer 6

A type of extraneous variable that varies with the IV to influence the DV

Question 7

What are the two main data types?

Answer 7

Categorical and numerical

Question 8

What are the two types of categorical data?

Answer 8

nominal and ordinal

Question 9

What are the two types of numerical data?

Answer 9

interval and ratio

Question 10

What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

Answer 10

To compare two data sets

Question 11

What is the central tendency of a normal distribution?

Answer 11

The vertical line from the peak to the x-axis

Question 12

What is the variability of a normal distribution?

Answer 12

The horizontal line across the x-axis showing the spread of scores

Question 13

Why is it not possible to measure all the people in a population when conducting an experiment?

Answer 13

time consuming
expensive
geographically challenging

Question 14

What is sampling error?

Answer 14

Where the mean of the sample is different to that of the population

Question 15

How do you work out the sample error?

Answer 15

sample mean - population mean

Question 16

How can you lower the sampling error?

Answer 16

take an average across multiple samples as it will be closer to the population mean

Question 17

Why are larger sample sizes better?

Answer 17

better estimates of the population mean

Question 18

What is a confidence interval?

Answer 18

95% chance the population mean lies within this interval

Question 19

What is variance?

Answer 19

A measure of dispersion

Question 20

How do you calculate variance?

Answer 20

1. difference between each score and the mean (x-x̅)
2. square it (x-x̅) ²
3. add all the squared differences together (Σ)
4. divide by the sample size -1 (n-1)

Question 21

How do you calculate standard deviation?

Answer 21

√Variance

Question 22

How do you calculate standard error?

Answer 22

standard deviation ÷ √n-1

Question 23

How do you calculate confidence intervals?

Answer 23

sample mean ± (1.96 x SE)
+ = upper 95% CI
- = lower 95% CI

Question 24

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 24

The effect of an IV on DV

Question 25

What is a false positive?

Answer 25

Finding an effect where there isn’t one

Question 26

What is a false negative?

Answer 26

Not finding an effect where there is one

Question 27

What are inferential statistics?

Answer 27

The probability your results would be replicated if the null hypothesis was true

Question 28

What is a p-value?

Answer 28

The probability of getting your results by chance

Question 29

What is the p-value in psychology?

Answer 29

0.05 (5%)

Question 30

What is a significant and non-significant p-value in psychology?

Answer 30

p < 0.05 = significant

p > 0.05 = non-significant

Question 31

What is the most common test of normality?

Answer 31

Shapiro-Wilk test