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Psychology Y1 > Research Methods 1/2 > Flashcards

Research Methods 1/2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Plato say about the soul?

A

It has 3 parts: rational, ambitious, appetitive

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2
Q

What did Freud say about the soul?

A

It has 3 parts: superego, ego, id

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3
Q

What are 3 issues with Freud?

A

theories reliant on case studies
theories are not testable
unconscious process cannot be observed

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4
Q

What did Skinner believe in?

A

Behaviourism: emphasised the importance of consequences of behaviour in determining its likelihood of repetition

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5
Q

What is ‘empty organism psychology’?

A

No internal processes or theoretical constructs are used to explain behaviour

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6
Q

How did Tolman&Honzik prove empty organism psychology wrong?

A

proved mice ‘learnt’ a maze to get food but learning also occurred without a reward - organism is therefore not that ‘empty’

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7
Q

Explain Christian Hughes’ Hypothetico-deductive model

A

Theory –> hypothesis –> empirical test –> results –> theory etc.

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8
Q

What must be given by every participant in an experiment?

A

Consent

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9
Q

What must be done if deception is used in an experiment?

A

The participants must be fully debriefed after the experiment is over

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10
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable the experimenter changes

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11
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable the experimenter measures

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12
Q

What is within-subject design?

A

The same set of participants undergo all treatments

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13
Q

What are the benefits and downfalls of within-subject design?

A

individual characteristics ‘even out’
fewer participants needed to recruit
order effects can interfere with results

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14
Q

What is between-subject design?

A

Different participants take part under each condition

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15
Q

What are the benefits and downfalls of between-subject design?

A

avoid order effects
quicker and can be simpler
individual differences are not controlled for - esp. sig. if small pool of participants

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16
Q

What is the general order of a practical report?

A

Title, abstract, introduction, methods (participants, material, design, procedure), results, discussion, references , appendices

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17
Q

What tense should practical reports be written in?

A

Past tense

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18
Q

What person should practical reports be written in?

A

3rd person

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19
Q

What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

A

To enable the summary of data - identify the average and distribution

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20
Q

What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

A

Make inferences about the likelihood of findings occurring

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21
Q

What is the mean? What are the positives and negatives of it?

A

It is the sum of all the values divided by the number of values recorded
It is a good measure of central tendency
Is very susceptible to outliers

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22
Q

What is the median? What are the positives and negatives of it?

A

The central value of a set of numbers
Unaffected by extreme values
Less sensitive than the mean

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23
Q

What is the mode? What are the positives and negatives of it?

A

The most common value in a data set
Shows the most important value in the data set
Not useful for small data sets or those without reoccurring values

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24
Q

What does it mean if a mode is bi-modal?

A

There are two numbers that occur equally frequently

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25
Q

What is interval data? What should be used to measure the average?

A

data measured on a scale

Use the mean

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26
Q

Whats ordinal data? What should be used to measure the average?

A

categorical data

Use the median

27
Q

What is nominal data? What should be used to measure the average?

A

labeled variables without quantitative value

Use the mode

28
Q

What is the range?

A

The distance between the highest and lowest value

29
Q

What is dispersion?

A

A measure of the distribution of values in a data set around the central tendency

30
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

A measure of the variance or dispersion of a data set

31
Q

What is true 0?

A

The point that represents total absence of the phenomenon

32
Q

What sort of data do pie charts use?

A

Nominal

33
Q

What sort of data do bar charts use?

A

Nominal

34
Q

What sort of data do histograms use?

A

Ordinal

35
Q

What sort of data do line graphs use?

A

Ordinal

36
Q

What sort of data do scatter graphs use?

A

Interval/Ratio data

37
Q

What’s the maximum number of authors you can you cite in text?

A

5

38
Q

Give the 5 ways you can conduct research

A 
naturalistic observation
case studies
surveys
correlational research
experimental research
39
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Whether the inferences made by researchers are correct

40
Q

What is external validity?

A

Can the conclusions of a study be generalised to other contexts or settings

41
Q

What is the Pygmalion effect?

A

self-fulfilling prophecy based on the experimenter’s desires

42
Q

Give 4 examples of internal invalidity

A

experimenter bias
participant bias
placebo effect
regression to the mean

43
Q

Give 4 examples of external invalidity

A

participant selection not random

discussion discusses only one possible answer to the results

44
Q

What is skew?

A

Where data shows more than the usual proportion of observations at one end of the scale

45
Q

What is negative skew of a normal distribution?

A

a left skew, meaning the tail in on the left

46
Q

What is a positive skew of normal distribution?

A

a right skew, meaning the til is on the right

47
Q

Where are the mean, median and mode on a skewed distribution?

A

mode is at the peak
mean is near the end of the tail (extreme)
median is in the middle of the two

48
Q

Where are the mean, median and mode on a normal distribution?

A

In the centre of the graph

49
Q

What % of the normal distribution falls within 1SD of the mean?

A

68.2%

50
Q

Which out of mean, median and mode is most susceptible to skewedness?

A

The mean

51
Q

What is kurtosis?

A

a measure of peakedness of a distribution

52
Q

What is a leptokurtic distribution?

A

A very peaked graph of distribution

53
Q

What is a platykurtic distribution?

A

A fairly flat graph of distribution

54
Q

What do skew and kurtosis indicate?

A

Some sort of bias

55
Q

What is a mesokurtic distribution?

A

centrally distributed graph

56
Q

How do you calculate the z score from a raw score?

A

(raw score - sample mean)/ standard deviation

57
Q

What sort of plot can you use to find outliers?

A

Box and whisker plots

58
Q

How do you find mild outliers?

A

Using the lower and upper inner fences

59
Q

How do you find extreme outliers?

A

Using the lower and upper outer fences

60
Q

What does the Z score tell us?

A

How many standard deviations from the mean a score is

61
Q

How do you cite a quotation?

A

Author, year, page number

62
Q

How do you cite a secondary source?

A

author, year, as cited in authors, year

63
Q

How many z scores are used to find outliers in a data set?

A

3

Psychology Y1 (11 decks)

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