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Psychology Y1 > L&D 2/2 > Flashcards

L&D 2/2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is differential brain development?

A

It takes different amounts of time for different parts of the brain to grow to their full size

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2
Q

By how much does the brain increase in size from birth to teenage-hood?

A

4x

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3
Q

What % of the body is the brain and what % of the O2 inhaled does it use?

A

2% and 20%

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4
Q

What % of an infant’s body weight is its head?

A

25%

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5
Q

How many neurones does the brain have at birth?

A

100 billion+

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6
Q

What are the 3 trimesters of prenatal development?

A

Zygote - 2wks
Embryo - 3-8wks
Foetus - 8wks-birth

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7
Q

What is the germinal stage?

A

Where the zygote is formed and implants in the uterus wall

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8
Q

What is the embryonic stage?

A

amniotic sac, placenta and umbilical cord develop

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9
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers and what parts of the infant do they become?

A

endoderm - digestive system
mesoderm - muscles, skeleton
ectoderm - CNS

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10
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Where the neural tube (formed from the neural fold) forms the brain and the spinal cord

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11
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

Where neurones are produced for specific functions

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12
Q

What forms the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain?

A

The cranial end of the neural tube

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13
Q

When does neurogenesis and cell migration continue until?

A

6 months of gestation

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14
Q

How many neurones are added every minute in neural proliferation?

A

250,000

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15
Q

What is the foetal stage?

A 
3months to 27wks
3m - all body parts present
5m - reflexes
6m - eyes open and close, sulci+gyri appear
22-26wks - viability
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16
Q

What are the 6 stages of brain development?

A
  1. neurogenesis
  2. migration
  3. differentiation
  4. aggregation - formation of specialised regions by neurones
  5. synaptogenesis
  6. Competition among synapses - synaptic pruning
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17
Q

What is the last thing to develop in a foetus?

A

The cortex

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18
Q

What are the 3 milestones of prenatal development?

A

12wks - breathing established
23wks - sleep-wake cycle established
30wks - 70%-80% REM sleep

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19
Q

What are the milestones of prenatal motor development?

A 
7wks - movement detected by ultrasound
8wks - startle response
9wks - arm and leg movements
10wks - head movements, hand-face contact
12wks - move fingers independently
14wks - hand rotation
15wks - 15 different movement patterns
16wks - movements felt by mother
18wks - eye movements
17-24wks - quiescent period (no movement)
24wks - thumb sucking
26wks - eyes open
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20
Q

What is teratology?

A

Study of congenital abnormalities and abnormal formations in foetuses

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21
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

An agent that causes developmental deviations

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22
Q

Give a few examples of teratogens and their effects

A

drugs (aspirin - low IQ, poor motor control, caffeine - risk of miscarriage, heroine/cocaine - addicted babies)
smoking (spontaneous abortion, prematurity, low weight)
disease
radiation (cell death, chromosome injury)
metals (lead, mercury)
parental factors (age - downs’ syndrome, diet, emotional state)

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23
Q

How does the Zika virus affect foetuses?

A

can cause microecephaly, pre-term birth and miscarriage

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24
Q

What is microecephaly?

A

bellow average head size ( less than 31.5-32cm at birth)
poor feeding
seizures
developmental delay

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25
Q

What is lissencephaly?

A

‘smooth brain’ - lacking gyri and sulci
caused by defective neural migration due to viral infection OR genetic anomaly
seizures
developmental disabilities

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26
Q

What if foetal alcohol syndrome? What differnce does it make if taken in 1st trimester vs. 3rd?

A 
distinct facial features
CNS damage
learning disabilities
1st trimester - impaired brain cell organisation
3rd trimester - impaired brain function
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27
Q

What did Kelly et al. (2009) say about mild drinking during pregnancy?

A

It could have positive effects (1-2 units p/w)

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28
Q

What is the deal with Thalidomide?

A

Drug given to help with morning sickness in 1950s-60s BUT
inhibits blood vessels around day 24-28 causing limb deformation
~10,000 cases in 46 countries

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29
Q

What is the deal with agent orange?

A

~4 million people exposed 1960s-80s

associated w/ mental health issues, cleft palette, polydactyly

30
Q

What is the evidence for transnatal learning taking place inside the womb?

A

Increased alertness
Change in movement
Slowed heart rate
Demonstrated preference via sucking techniques

31
Q

What did Hepper (1998) find in their ‘Neighbours’ fans’ experiment

A

Babies exposed to Neighbours in the womb showed signs of interest when the theme tune was played 2-4 days after birth
No interest in other theme tunes

32
Q

What did Hepper (1991) find in their continuation study?

A

After 21 days from birth the babies no longer ‘remember’ the tune

33
Q

What did Querleu et al. (1984) find about an infant’s reaction to its mother’s voice?

A

A 2h old infant will react to its mother voice preferentially to that of a stranger

34
Q

What did Spence and Freedman (1996) find about babies’ preference when hearing their mother’s voice?

A

Babies prefer low-pass filtered mother’s voices to unfiltered as it more closely resembles what they hear in the womb

35
Q

What did Mampe et al. (2009) find about accents in the womb?

A

2-5 day old infants prefer listening to their own language even just as a melody contour
infants’ cries mimic the prosody of their own language

36
Q

What did Morokuma et al. (2008) find about hearing in the womb?

A

Habituation and dishabituation to auditory stimulation occurs at 35-37wks but now 32-34wks

37
Q

What is the neonatal experience of being born referred to as by scientists?

A

confusing, bright and disorientating

38
Q

What did Gopnik (2009) say about babies’ consciousness?

A

They have ‘lantern consciousness’ that narrows with age

39
Q

What are some characteristics of neonatal reflexes?

A

Most disappear soon after birth

They re-emerge as voluntary movements later in development

40
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

If a baby is dropped or hears a loud noise it will extend its limbs and head back

41
Q

What is the Rooting reflex?

A

If their cheek is brushed the child turns in that direction - evolved to aid breastfeeding

42
Q

What is the grasping reflex?

A

make a fist when palm is stroked

43
Q

What is the stepping reflex?

A

When a baby is held under its arms, bare feet touching a flat surface and it makes step-like movements

44
Q

What is infant swimming?

A

a reflex that resembles swimming but is not
coincides with a bradychardic (slow heart rate + breathing) response and laryngeal reflex to stop water entering the lungs
disappears around 6 months

45
Q

What are some of the methodological problems facing experiments with children?

A

infants cannot speak or fill in questionnaires

46
Q

What are the main experimental techniques used with children?

A 
looking time methods
preferential looking
high aptitude sucking
preferential sucking
EEG
ERP
Eye tracking
47
Q

What are looking time methods?

A

Habituation and dishabituation to seen objects

48
Q

What did Lewis et al. (1969) discover about habituation?

A

habituation rate is considered an indication of cognitive competence - older infants habituate faster

49
Q

What did Colombo et al. (2004) discover about habituation and IQ?

A

There is a predictive correlation between habituation in infancy and IQ up to the age of 11

50
Q

What is preferential looking?

A

2 stimuli are presented, time looking at each is recorded - any preference suggests infants can discriminate

51
Q

What is high amplitude sucking?

A

dummy with a pressure transducer measures rate and pressure of sucking suggesting interest in a stimulus

52
Q

What is preferential sucking?

A

sucking on a dummy keeps stimulus 1 present, stimulus 2 appears when sucking stop. Can therefore determine which stimulus the infant prefers

53
Q

What is a newborn’s auditory and visual perception like?

A

auditory perception is good

visual acuity is poor

54
Q

By what age does trichromatic vision develop?

A

2 months

55
Q

By what age does ‘adult-like’ vision develop?

A

4 months

56
Q

What did Slater et al. (1983) find about infants’ 2D shape perception?

A

They habituated infants to 1 of 4 shapes, then presented the habituated shape with a new shape and found infants stared longer at the new shape showing that they recognise the difference

57
Q

What did Slater et al. (1991) find about infants’ whole shape perception?

A

They habituated infants to angles in different orientations and found that there was a novelty preference for different angles

58
Q

What did Ghim (1990) find out about infants and perceptive contours?

A

Infants habituated to a square by subjective contour meant they looked longer at a triangle subjective contour than a square when shown after habituation

59
Q

What is a subjective contour?

A

Where a shape is not drawn it appears present by the placing of other shapes or lines in order to create the illusion

60
Q

What did Slater&Morrison (1985) and Slater et al. (1990) say about infants’ ability to perceive constancy at different distances?

A

They said infants are able to do this

61
Q

What did Salapatek (1975) discover about infants’ face perception?

A

studied how infants scan the human face and how this changes as visual acuity improves
young = all around the face
older = eyes + mouth

62
Q

What did Frantz (1961) find about neonates and face preferences?

A

They prefer schematic faces

63
Q

What did Bushnell et al. (1989) find about infants and their mother’s face?

A

Infants focus preferentially on their mother’s face than that of a female stranger

64
Q

Why did Walten et al. (1992) criticise Bushnell et al. (1989) and what did they do to resolve it?

A

Argued in B’s study it could have been the mother’s smell or bodily cues instead of the face
did the same study but with video footage of mother and stranger instead

65
Q

What did Gava et al. (2008) find about the types of faces babies prefer?

A

They prefer average faces

66
Q

What did Pascalis, Haan&Nelson (2002) find about young infants and monkey face discrimination? What does this tell us about face perception?

A

6m old babies can discriminate between macaque faces - this skill is lost by 9m.
perceptual narrowing occurs through experience

67
Q

What did Simeon et al. (2008) show about infants and motion discrimination?

A

By 2 days old neonates can discriminate biological from non-biological motion

68
Q

What did Meltzhoff&Borton (1979) find about integration of infants’ senses?

A

Babies given either a ridged or smooth dummy without seeing which one searched more for the one they were given when it was taken away - cross-modal matching

69
Q

What did Walker et al. (2010) find about synaesthesia in infants?

A

suggests synaesthesia is innate but disappears over time

70
Q

What did Adolph&Robinson prove wrong about infants and motor development?

A

Infants move to get what they want
Motor development occurs sequentially i.e. later forms of movement develop from earlier ones (sitting –> crawling –> walking)
Both are wrong

71
Q

What did Adolph&Franchak (2014) find about affordances for action?

A

The fit between and animal’s capabilities and features of the environment make actions possible - these affordances change as a baby goes from sitting to crawling etc.

72
Q

What did Adolph et al. (2012) say about natural walking?

A

It is usually not for a defined goal

Psychology Y1 (11 decks)

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