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Psychology Y1 > B&B 2/2 > Flashcards

B&B 2/2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 main methods of investigating the brain?

A

Lesion studies
Brain stimulation
Electrophysiology
Functional neuroimaging

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2
Q

What are the invasive and non-invasive ways of performing lesion studies?

A 
Invasive
- destroy brain regions of interest
- remove/cool brain tissue
Non-invasive
- study people with incidental lesions
- use brain stimulation to temporarily impair processing
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3
Q

How can we map lesions on the brain?

A

Using an MRI - allows spatial specificity and determination of causal relations

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4
Q

What was the case of HM?

A

A patient who had a lesion in the hippocampus as a result of surgery for epilepsy, found they could no longer form memories

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5
Q

What is a single dissociation lesion study?

A

Where a lesion in a specific region causes impairment in a specific task

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6
Q

What was the case of DF?

A

Suffered CO poisoning and acquired single dissociation btw dorsal and ventral stream, impaired object perception but still has object guided action (e.g. posting a letter)

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7
Q

What is the issue with using single dissociations to research the brain?

A

The tasks we are testing the participants with may not be equally as easy or may be testing the wrong skills for that region

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8
Q

What is double dissociation?

A

Different tests are carried out on different regions to prove that a specific region is associated with a task

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9
Q

What would a lesion in the ventral stream usually suggest?

A

impairment in discrimination

- cannot match the shape of two targets to get a reward

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10
Q

What would a lesion in the dorsal stream usually suggest?

A

impairment in location

- cannot discriminate the position of a probe relative to 2 targets

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11
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of lesion studies?

A

Pros
- reveal causal links between regions and functions
- high spatial precision
Cons
- low temporal precision
- low spatial precision (when incidental lesions)
- possible confounding impairment
- difficult, costly, (unethical) to experimentW

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12
Q

What is invasive brain stimulation?

A

stimulation of neurones in particular brain regions by implanting electrodes

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13
Q

What is non-invasive brain stimulation?

A

TMS used to stimulate neurones

tDCS can stimulate larger areas than TMS

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14
Q

What does stimulating face recognition areas of a participant’s face cause?

A

Participants see faces in objects that do not normally have faces

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15
Q

What does stimulating colour perception areas in the brain cause?

A

Participants see rainbow colours on single coloured objects

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16
Q

How does TMS work?

A

Stimulation coil produces fast changing magnetic fields over the scalp inducing electric currents into into neural tissue

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17
Q

What can stimulation of the visual cortex cause?

A

Phosphenes (light flashes)

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18
Q

What can stimulation of the motor cortex cause?

A

muscle twitches

19
Q

Why is TMS described as chaotic?

A

There is no clear pattern of disruption of neurones

20
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of brain stimulations?

A

Pros
- reveals causal links between brain regions and functions
- high temporal precision and reasonable spatial precision
- relatively easy + cheap
Cons
- underlying neural mechanisms not well understood
- widespread effects possible
- cannot reach all parts of the brain with TMS

21
Q

What is electrophysiology?

A

The measuring of membrane potentials and neural firing by getting as close to the neurone as possible

22
Q

What is invasive electrophysiology?

A

single neurones recordings

23
Q

What is non-invasive electrophysiology?

A

EEGs and MEGs

24
Q

What can we measure in animals using implanted microelectrodes?

A

find a neurone’s receptive field

probe the neurone with different visual stimuli

25
Q

What is a low pass filter recording?

A

neural spiking from action potentials

26
Q

What is high pass filter recording?

A

local field potentials from presynaptic inputs changing membrane potential

27
Q

What can be done with the recordings once they have been isolated?

A

Track the occurrence of spikes over time and create a histogram

28
Q

In what cases can invasive electrophysiology be done in humans? However, what is the issue with this?

A

In epileptic patients

However, they already have altered brain function

29
Q

How do we use an EEG?

A

electrodes attached to the scalp using conductive gel

weak electrical signals are amplified and plotted across time creating a temporally precise map of cortical activations

30
Q

How do we use MEG?

A

Evoke magnetic fields by generating electrical changes in the brain
Find the characteristic temporal patterns of electric currents

31
Q

What are the 3 main states of electric currents in the brain?

A 
delta waves (asleep)
alpha waves (awake)
gamma waves (sensory processing)
32
Q

What is an ERP?

A

Event related potential - an accumulation of random neural responses

33
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of electrophysiology

A 
Pros 
- high temporal resolution
- high spatial precision (if invasive)
- easy/cheap
- yields rich info about neural dynamics
Cons
- low spatial precision (if on scalp)
- only correlational data
- no direct access to neural scalp firing (if on scalp)
34
Q

What does functional neuroimaging do?

A

track cerebral blood-flow to find high activation areas

35
Q

What are the 3 types of functional neuroimaging?

A

PET
fMRI

fNIRs

36
Q

What is a Pet scan?

A

fast decaying radioactive tracers are injected into the blood, resulting radiation is collected and spatially reconstructed to find a 3D image of where the tracer accumulates

37
Q

What are some examples of tracers?

A

fluorodeoxyglucose (glucose-like, so accumulates where glucose would i.e. high metabolic activity)

38
Q

What are some issues with PET?

A

exposes participants to radioactivity
does not offer anatomical mapping of the brain
temporally very imprecise

39
Q

How does fMRI work?

A

particles in the body are magnetised and stimulated with radioactive frequency pulses
this energy resonates from the body creating the fMRI signal

40
Q

What is the fMRI flow diagram?

A

increased neural activity –> increased blood-flow –> oxygen removed from blood –> deoxy/oxy haemoglobin imbalance –> increased signal

41
Q

What can be said about the temporal precision of fMRI?

A

It is more precise than PET

It has several seconds of delay behind neural activations so not super precise

42
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of fMRI?

A 
Pros
- high spatial precision
- allows functional and structural mapping
- mostly non-invasive
Cons
- low temporal precision: haemodynamic lag
- only correlational data
- indirect activation measure
- quite expensive
43
Q

What tracer is also used by PET used in Alzheimer studies?

A

PiB - binds to beta-amyloid

Psychology Y1 (11 decks)

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