RLE: Abdomen Flashcards
(order)
assessing the abdomen
inspection
auscultation
percussion
palpation
observing the abdomen for any abnormalities in contour, symmetry, skin color, scars, masses, or visible pulsation
inspection
listening for bowel sounds using a stethoscope to assess the frequency, intensity, and quality of sounds in all quadrants
auscultation
tapping on the abdomen to assess the density of underlying organs and detect areas of fluid or air accumulation
percussion
gently pressing on the abdomen to feel for tenderness, masses, organ enlargement, and abnormal pulsation
palpation
common abdominal conditions and diseases include ???
appendicitis
gastritis
gallstones
inflammatory bowel disease
cancer
symptoms of abdominal issues can range from ???
mild discomfort to severe pain
NVD
changes in bowel habits
organs in abdomen are responsible for
digestion
excretion
reproduction
responsible for breaking down food and releasing it to the small intestine
stomach
performs various functions, including detoxification, metabolism of nutrients, production of bile
liver
stores and concentrates bile produced by liver, releasing it to the s. intestine to aid in digestion
gallbladder
produces digestive enzymes and hormones (insulin, glucagon - regulates blood sugar)
pancreas
part of the immune system, involved in filtering blood and fighting infections
spleen
filter blood to remove waste products and excess fluids, producing urine
kidneys
organs in RUQ
liver (majority)
right kidney
gallbladder
pancreas (small portion)
colon & s. intestines
organs in LUQ
liver (small portion)
spleen
left kidney
stomach
pancreas (majority)
colon & s. intestines
organs in RLQ
right ureter
appendix
right ovary & fallopian tube
colon & s. intestines
organ in LLQ
left ureter
left ovary & fallopian tube
colon & s. intestines
functions of abdomen (6)
digestion
storage
protection
circulation
hormone regulation
immune function
umbilicus should be?
midline
normal contour of abdomen
flat or rounded
a concave contour of abdomen is concerning why?
can be associated with dehydration and malnutrition, sometimes with anorexia nervosa and cancer
enhanced outward contour
a distended abdomen
abdominal respiratory movement may be seen, especially in ?
male clients
diminished abdominal respiration or change to thoracic breathin in male clients may reflect what
peritoneal irritation
slight pulsation of the abdominal aorta (epigastrum) extends full length in ?
thin people
exaggerated pulsation may be seen with ?
abdominal aneurysm
normally not seen although they may be visible in very thin people as slight ripples on the abdominal wall
peristaltic waves
Peristaltic waves are increased and progress in ripple like fashion from the LUQ to the RLQ
w/ ???.
In addition abdominal distention typically is present w/ ???
intestinal obstruction;
intestinal wall obstruction.
are not normally heard over abdominal aorta or renal, iliac or femoral arteries.
Bruits
Venous hum is not normally heard over the ??? and ??? areas
epigastric and umbilical areas
A bruit w/ both systolic and diastolic components occurs when blood flow in an artery is ???
turbulent or obstructed
Generalized ??? predominates over the abdomen because of air in the stomach and intestines.
tympany
Normal ??? is heard over the liver and spleen, may also be elicited over a non-evacuated descending colon
dullness
Accentuated ??? or ??? is heard over a gaseous distended abdomen.
tympany or hyper-resonance
??? is heard over a distended bladder, large masses, or ascites.
Abnormal dullness
The normal liver span at the ??? is ??? cm.
MSL
4 to 8 cm
Findings: Involuntary reflex guarding is serious and
reflects ???
peritoneal irritation
Right-sided guarding may be due to ???
cholecystitis
is possible over the xiphoid, aorta, cecum, colon, and ovaries with deep palpation.
Normal (mild) tenderness
deep palpation:
may be related to trauma, peritonitis, infection, tumors, or enlarged or diseased organs.
Severe tenderness or pain
A hard, firm liver may indicate
???
cancer
liver palpation:
??? may occur with tumors, metastatic cancer, late cirrhosis, or syphilis.
Nodularity
liver palpation:
Tenderness may be from ??? (e.g., congestive heart failure), ???, or ???.
vascular engorgement;
acute hepatitis;
abscess
normally the bladder is not palpable.
A ??? bladder is palpated
as a smooth, round, and somewhat firm mass extending as far as the umbilicus. It may be further validated by dull percussion tones.
distended
The abdomen houses many organs involved in ???, including the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and intestines. These organs work together to break down food and absorb nutrients.
digestion
The abdomen provides space for the ??? of essential organs such as the liver, which stores glycogen, vitamins, and minerals, and the intestines, which store waste
until it can be eliminated.
storage
The abdomen ??? vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, and intestines from injury and trauma. The abdominal muscles also provide support and stability to the
spine and pelvis.
protects
Blood vessels in the abdomen supply oxygen-rich blood to the organs and tissues, while veins carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart and lungs for oxygenation.
circulation
Organs in the abdomen, such as the pancreas, produce ??? that regulate blood sugar levels, metabolism, and other important bodily functions.
hormones
immune function:
The abdomen contains ??? and ??? that help to defend the body against infection and disease ..
lymph nodes and tissues
increased pain upon release of pressure
rebound tenderness
use the same measuring tape in measuring this for accuracy
usually measured daily
cases of ascites, liver cirrhosis
abdominal girth
peristalsis is louder after ?
eating
