Assessing Culture Flashcards
refers to “deviations from a biomedical norm”
disease
refers to “the lived experience of culturally constructed categories”
illness
refers to “patients’ roles.”
sickness
The term ??? has been used in psychology for decades to describe acculturation or adaptation to a new cultural environment
acculturative stress
may be defined as a shared system of values, beliefs, and learned patterns of behavior
Culture
culture defines (2)
values & norms
(learned beliefs about what is held to be good or bad)
values
(learned behaviors that are perceived to be appropriate or inappropriate)
norms
The circumstance when a person gives up the traits of their culture of origin as a result of context with another culture, to variable degrees.
Acculturation
The gradual adoption and incorporation of characteristics of the prevailing culture.
Assimilation
The coexistence of a difference in behavior, traditions, and customs—in short, a diversity of cultures, often resulting from cross-border population flows; perhaps better referred to as cultural pluralism
Cultural diversity
The intrusive application of the majority group’s cultural view upon individuals and families
Cultural imposition
The belief that the behaviors and practices of people should be judged only from the context of their cultural system.
Cultural relativism
The totality of socially transmitted behavioral patterns, arts, beliefs, values, customs, lifeways, and all other products of human work and thought characteristic of a population
Culture
A natural conscious and unconscious conditioning process of learning accepted cultural norms, values, and roles in society and achieving competence in one’s culture through socialization.
Enculturation
A socially, culturally, and politically constructed group that holds in common a set of characteristics not shared by others with whom members of the group come into contact
Ethnicity
The universal tendency of humans to think their ways of thinking, acting, and believing are the only right, proper, and natural ways.
Ethnocentrism
An oversimplified conception, opinion, or belief about an aspect of an individual or group.
Stereotyping
A group of people with a culture that differentiates them from the larger culture of which they are a part.
Subculture
The way individuals or groups of people look at the universe to form basic assumptions and values about their lives and the world around them; includes cosmology, relationships with nature, moral and ethical reasoning, social relationships, magicoreligious beliefs, and aesthetics.
Worldview
The perception that one’s worldview is the only acceptable truth, and that one’s beliefs, values, and sanctioned behaviors are superior to all others, is called ???
ethnocentrism
or a person’s ethnic identity, exists when the person identifies with a “socially, culturally, and politically constructed group of individuals that holds a common set of characteristics not shared by others with whom its members come in
contact”
Ethnicity
there are five constructs in the cultural competence process:
cultural awareness,
cultural skill,
cultural knowledge,
cultural encounters,
cultural desire.
Use the ASKED mnemonic to examine your cultural competence
(awareness, skill, knowledge, encounters, and desire)
in humans, it is not a physical characteristic but a socially constructed concept that has meaning to a larger group
Race
The Bureau defines ??? as “a person’s self-identification with one or more social groups” and states that ??? “determines whether a person is of Hispanic origin or not…broken out in two categories, Hispanic or Latino and Not Hispanic or Latino.”
race;
ethnicity
often refers to a group that has less power or prestige within the society, but actually means a group with smaller population numbers.
Minority
can mean assessing and being aware of cultural influences as you perform an entire nursing history and physical examination, or it may mean performing an entire focused cultural assessment.
Cultural assessment
In his model of cultural competence, Purnell (2013) includes a category called ??? This category refers to the client’s physical, biologic, and physiologic variations, such as variations in drug metabolism, disease, and health conditions.
biocultural ecology
(Latin) Results from stressful events and buildup of anger over time. Shouting, crying, trembling, verbal or physical aggression, sense of heat in chest rising to head.
Ataque de nervios
(Latin) Especially in young children, soft foods believed to adhere to stomach wall. Abdominal fullness, stomach ache, diarrhea with pain, vomiting. Confirmed by rolling egg over stomach and egg appears to stick to an area
Empacho
(Latin) Children, infants at greatest risk; women more at risk than men.
Cause often thought to be stranger’s touch or attention. Sudden onset of fitful sleep, crying without apparent cause, diarrhea, vomiting, and fever.
Mal de ojo (evil eye)
(Latin) Spanish word for “fright,” caused by natural means (cultural stressors) or supernatural means (sorcery or witnessing supernatural phenomenon). Nervousness, anorexia, insomnia, listlessness, fatigue, muscle tics, diarrhea.
Susto
(Latin) Mexican term for fallen fontanel. Thought to be caused by midwife failing to press on the palate after delivery; falling on the head; removing the nipple from the baby’s mouth inappropriately; failing to put a cap on the newborn’s head. Crying, fever, vomiting, diarrhea are thought to be indications of this condition (note the similarity to dehydration).
Caida de la mollera
(Latin) Haitian women immigrants identify this as pain in the body. Symptoms include headache, gastrointestinal symptoms, and fatigue
Douleur de corps
(African) Sudden collapse preceded by dizziness, spinning sensation. Eyes may remain open but unable to see. May hear and understand
what is happening around them but unable to interact.
Falling out or blacking
out
(African) Belief that illnesses are supernatural in origin (witchcraft, voodoo, evil spirits, or evil person). Anxiety, gastrointestinal complaints, fear of being poisoned or killed.
rootwork
(African) Communication with dead relatives or spirits, often with distinct personality changes (not considered pathologic in culture of
origin).
Spell
(African) Slang term for high blood pressure, but also for thick or excessive blood that rises in the body. Often believed to be caused by overly rich foods.
high blood
(African) Not enough or weak blood caused by diet.
Low blood
(African) Blood contaminated, often refers to sexually transmitted infections.
bad blood
(African) A panic disorder with sudden agitated outbursts, aggressive behavior, confusion, excitement. May have hallucinations or paranoia.
Bouffee delirante (Haiti)
(African) Spirit possession with symptoms such as dissociative episodes with laughing, shouting, hitting the head against a wall, singing, or weeping; may show apathy or withdrawal; may refuse to eat or participate in activities of daily living; may develop long-term relationship with possessing spirit. Not necessarily considered pathologic in the culture.
Zar
(Native American) Feelings of danger, confusion, futility, suffocation, bad dreams, fainting, dizziness, hallucinations, loss of consciousness. Possible preoccupation with death or someone who died.
Ghost sickness (Navajo)
(Native American) Unwanted separation from a loved one. Insomnia, depression, loss of appetite, and sometimes suicide.
Hi-Waitck (Mohave)
(Native American) An abrupt onset, extreme excitement of up to 30 minutes, often followed by convulsive seizures and coma lasting up to 12 hours, with amnesia of the event. Withdrawn or mildly irritable for hours or days before attack. During the attack, may tear off clothing, break furniture, shout obscenities, eat feces, run out into snow, do other irrational or dangerous acts.
Pibloktoq or Arctic hysteria (Greenland Eskimos)
(Native American) Often reaction to disappointment or interpersonal problems. Anger, withdrawal, mutism, immobility, often leads to attempted suicide.
Wacinko (Oglala Sioux)
(Middle East) Experience of spirit possession. Laughing, shouting, weeping, singing, hitting head against wall. May be apathetic, withdrawn, refuse food, unable to carry out daily tasks. May develop long-term relationship with possessing spirit (not considered pathologic in the culture).
Zar
(Asian) Occurs among males (20–45 years old) after perceived slight or insult. Aggressive outbursts, violent or homicidal, aimed at people or objects, often with ideas of persecution. Amnesia, exhaustion, finally, return to previous state.
Amok (Malaysia)
(Asian) Similar to conditions in China, Thailand, and other areas. Fear that genitalia will retract into the body, possibly leading to death. Causes vary, including inappropriate sex, mass cases from belief that eating swine flu–vaccinated pork is a cause.
Koro (Malaysia, Southeast Asia
(Asian) Occurs after traumatic episode or surprise. Exaggerated startle response (usually in women). Screaming, cursing, dancing, hysterical laughter, may imitate people, hyper suggestibility.
Latah (Malaysia)
(Asian) Similar conditions that result from the belief that semen (or “vital essence”) is being lost. Anxiety, panic, sexual complaints, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, guilt, sexual dysfunction with no physical findings
Shenkui (China)
Dhat (India)
(Asian) Dread of offending or hurting others by behavior or physical condition such as body odor. Social phobia.
Taijin kyofusho (Japan)
(Asian) Fear of wind, cold exposure causing loss of yang energy.
Illness
(North America, Western Europe) Associated with intense fear of obesity. Severely restricted food and calorie intake.
anorexia nervosa
(North America, Western Europe) Associated with intense fear of obesity. Binge eating and self-induced vomiting, laxative, or diuretic use.
bulimia nervosa
