Psychosocial, Cognitive, Moral Dev't Flashcards
was a psychoanalyst who adapted and expanded Sigmund Freud’s (1935) psychosexual theory.
Erik Erikson
Erikson’s theory has become known as a psychosocial theory, with psychosocial being defined as the ??? and ??? responses of a person to external events (Schuster & Ashburn, 1992).
intrapersonal and interpersonal
(person) concluded that societal, cultural, and historical factors—as well as biophysical processes and cognitive function—influence personality development
Erikson
He declared that the ego not only mediates between the id’s abrupt
impulses and the superego’s moral demands but that it can positively affect a person’s development as more skills and experience are gained.
Erikson
[person] is best known for identifying eight stages of the life span through which a person may sequentially develop
Erikson
Erikson proposed that each stage (or achievement level) has a central developmental task corresponding to both biophysical maturity and societal expectations. He called these tasks ???, dilemmas that are composed of opposing viewpoints
crises
Erikson’s psychosocial model involves eight life stages.
(A) Infants gain ???
(B) Toddlers develop ???
(C) Preschoolers learn ???.
(D) School-aged children develop ???
(E) Adolescents achieve ???
(F) Young adults achieve ???.
(G) Middle-aged adults attain ???
(H) Older adults achieve ???
trust;
autonomy;
initiative;
industry;
identity;
intimacy;
generativity;
ego identity
Erikson posited that those who positively resolved generativity could move to a higher level that addressed a “??????” (i.e., a new sense of self that transcends
universe and time)
premonition of immortality
Erikson did not strictly define chronologic boundaries for his stages. He did assign selected developmental levels throughout the life span (Table 7-1), termed ???, as times when a person possesses criteria to attempt a given developmental task
critical periods
[person] (1970) described himself as a genetic epistemologist (one who studies the origins of knowledge)
Dr. Jean Piaget
His theory is a description and an explanation of the growth and development of intellectual structures.
Piaget
He focused on how a person learns, not what the person learns.
[Piaget]
is the process of obtaining understanding about one’s world
Cognition
[Person] acknowledged that interrelationships of physical maturity, social interaction, environmental stimulation, and experience in general were necessary for cognition to occur. His primary focus, however, was the biology of thinking.
Piaget
believed that individual cognitive development occurs as the result of one’s organization and adaptation to the perceived environment.
Piaget
To explain his theory, he applied the concepts of schema (plural: schemata), assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration (equilibrium).
Piaget
is a unit of thought and a classification for a phenomenon, behavior, or event.
schema
Schemata can be categorized
using either ??? or ???
assimilation or accommodation
is an adaptive process whereby a stimulus or information is incorporated into an already existing schema.
Assimilation
is the creation of a new schema or the modification of an old one to differentiate more accurately a stimulus or a behavior from an existing schema.
Accommodation
is the balance between assimilation and accommodation.
Equilibration
When ??? occurs, it provides motivation for the individual to assimilate or accommodate further.
disequilibrium
[person]emphasized that schemata, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration are all essential for cognitive growth and development.
Piaget
He theorized that intellectual development begins the moment a baby is born.
Piaget
Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development (4)
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Piaget: Thoughts are demonstrated by physical manipulation of objects/stimuli.
sensorimotor
Piaget: Increasing ability to make a mental representation for something not immediately present using language as a major tool.
Preoperational
Piaget: Begins to think and reason logically about objects in the environment. Can mentally perform actions that previously had to be carried out in actuality.
Concrete Operational
Develops ability to problem-solve both real world and theoretical situations. Can logically and flexibly think about the past, present, and future.
Formal Operational
a psychologist, expanded Piaget’s thoughts on morality; in doing so, he developed a comprehensive theory of moral development.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Traditionally, [person] (1981) proposed, individual morality has been viewed as a dynamic process that extends over one’s lifetime, primarily involving the affective and cognitive domains in determining what is “right” and “wrong.”
Kohlberg
Kohlberg recognized that moral development is influenced by ???
cognitive structures
Kohlberg viewed ??? or ??? as the goal of moral judgment.
justice or fairness
??? proposed three levels of moral development, best recognized as encompassing six stages
Kohlberg
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development (3)
preconventional
conventional
post conventional
Kohlberg Stage: premoral
preconventional
Kohlberg Stage: maintaining
external expectations of others
conventional
Kohlberg Stage: maintaining
internal principles of self
post conventional
Shortly before his death, Kohlberg added a seventh stage of moral reasoning:
Orientation to self-transcendence and faith
stated that learning takes place as a result of interaction with the environment and included schooling as an influential variable.
Piaget
viewed experience with others as a source of knowledge and upheld that the school environment offers an opportunity for psychosocial and cognitive growth.
Erikson
focused on a person’s general development and experience, viewing formal education as one of many factors that significantly affect one’s cognitive, psychosocial, and moral growth.
Kohlberg
Problem-solving skills can increase steadily, often peaking during the ??? years.
middle age
How would you describe yourself to others?
RATIONALE
Self-concept (self-image) is important to health and well-being throughout the life span. One’s self-concept can facilitate or impede personal growth
Erikson discussed the importance of the “quality of the ???” as fundamental to the progress through developmental tasks
maternal relationship
is an integrated function of all subsystems of the human system.
Behavior
A ??? is two or more people who are emotionally connected
family
Both Erikson and Piaget spoke of the ??? (Erikson, 1968, p. 91; Ginsburg & Opper, 1969, p. 209), which states that anything that grows has a “ground plan,” and that from this plan each part arises having its time of special ascendancy, until all parts have arisen to form a functioning whole.
epigenetic principle
Erikson’s psychosocial developmental stages are based on ??? development with distinct conflicts across the life span
ego
intimacy vs. ???
isolation
generativity vs. ???
stagnation
integrity vs. ???
despair
