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Geography > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a source

A

Where the river begins usually high up in a mountain

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2
Q

What is a tributary

A

Small streams that join to flow into a larger river

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3
Q

What is a load

A

Material transported by a river

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4
Q

What is a sediment

A

Solid material that has been or is being eroded, transported and deposited

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5
Q

What is the mouth of a river

A

Where the river flows into the ocean or sea

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6
Q

What are the three sections of a river

A

Upper, middle and lower course

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7
Q

What is the shape of the valley in the upper, middle and lower course of a river

A

Upper course: v shaped valley

Middle course: a wider v shaped valley

Lower course: a wide open valley with a wide u shape

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8
Q

What is the width of the valley in the upper, middle and lower course of a river

A

Upper course: narrow

Middle course: wider

Lower course: widest

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9
Q

What is the speed of the river in the upper, middle and lower course of the river

A

Upper course: fast

Middle course: slower

Lower course: slowest

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10
Q

What is the size of the material transported at the upper, middle and lower course of the river

A

Upper course: large

Middle course: smaller

Lower course: smallest

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11
Q

What is the main action of the river in the upper, middle and lower course of the river

A

Upper course: erosion

Middle course: erosion and deposition

Lower course: deposition

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12
Q

What are the features formed at the upper, middle and lower course of the river

A

Upper course: Interlocking Spurs, rapids, gorges waterfalls

Middle course: meander, slip of slope and river cliff

Lower course: delta, braided streams and ox bow lakes

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13
Q

What is a confluence

A

Where two tributaries join

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14
Q

How do interlocking Spurs form

A

Tributaries join other tributaries to form a main river. Between the tributaries there are ridges of harder rock which the river is forced to flow around on its downward-winding course, creating interlocking spurs

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15
Q

How do gorges form

A

Streams carve through hard layers of rock, breaking down or eroding it. Sediment from the worn-away rock is then carried downstream. Over time, this erosion will form the steep walls of a gorge.

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16
Q

How do rapids form

A

They form when fast flowing water flows over resistant rock, creating white water form the frothy bubbly water

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17
Q

What are the 4 main ways rivers erode

A

Hydraulic action, Abrasion, Attrition and corrosion

18
Q

What is hydraulic action in rivers

A

The riverbed and bank break away by shear force of the water getting into small cracks

19
Q

What is abrasion in rivers

A

Rocks carried by the water wear away the bed and the banks of the river

20
Q

What is attrition in rivers

A

Wearing down of the load of the load as the rocks and pebbles hit the riverbed and each other, breaking into smaller rounded pieces

21
Q

What is Corrosion in rivers

A

Water dissolves minerals from the rocks and washes them away

22
Q

What are the four main ways rivers can transport their load

A

Traction, saltation, suspension and solution

23
Q

What is traction in rivers

A

Large stones can be rolled or dragged along the riverbed by the force of the river

24
Q

What is saltation in rivers

A

Small stones which the river cannot lift, bounce off each other and the river bed are are carried forward short distances

25
Q

What is suspension in rivers

A

If particles are small enough the river can lift and carry them long distances

26
Q

What is solution in rivers

A

When the river dissolves minerals from the rocks they are carried in the water itself

27
Q

Label the diagram of the waterfall

A

Hard rock, soft rock, overhang collapses causing steep gorge like valleys, undercutting, plunge pool develops at the base of the waterfall

28
Q

How do meanders form

A

Meanders form due to greater volume of water carried by the river in lowland areas. This results in lateral erosion causing the river to cut its banks

29
Q

Where does water flow the fastest in meander

A

In the outer bends

30
Q

Where does water flow the slowest in a Meander

A

In the inner bends

31
Q

What happens on the outer bends of a meander

A

Steel sided River cliffs form due to water being flung towards the outer bend and erosion

32
Q

What happens on the inner bends of a meander

A

Deposition occurs and over time material builds up causing a slip off slope

33
Q

Label the diagram of a meander

A

Fastest flow, slowest flow, small river cliff, deposition, erosion, slip off slope, undercut by lateral erosion

34
Q

How does an oxbow lake form

A
  1. Outer banks of a meander continue to be eroded until the ends meet
  2. This causes another path fro the water to flow. The water now takes the shortest route of least resistance
  3. Deposition cuts off the old meander causing and ox bow lake. Sometimes these lakes dry up causing a meander scar
35
Q

What is a braided river

A

A braided appearance caused by deposition in the middle of its channel.

36
Q

What is a delta

A

When a river reaches flat land I slows down, loses its energy and deposits sediments in its path, creating a triangular shaped deposit, usually where the river meets the ocean

37
Q

What happens in the upper course of a river

A

The gradient is steep and the river flows fast. The river has enough energy to carry large rocks along the river bed. The rivers load enables the river to cut vertically in the land, creating a v shaped valley

38
Q

What happens in the middle course of a river

A

Erosion is still the main action of the river but some deposition also takes place. The gradient of the slope becomes more gentle, the river widens and flows more slowly. The valley becomes wider and flatter and the river starts to curve creating meanders

39
Q

What happens in the lower course of a river

A

The gradient of the land becomes very gentle, the river slows down and the valley becomes very widethe main features are caused by deposition. A flood plain develops from the river repeatedly flooding its banks, depositing thick, fertile soil.

40
Q

Draw and label a diagram meander

A

Did you get it right?

41
Q

Draw and label a diagram waterfall

A

Did you get it right

42
Q

Draw and label a diagram of an oxbow lake

A

Did you get it right?

Geography (11 decks)

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