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Geography > River Landscapes in The Uk > Flashcards

River Landscapes in The Uk Flashcards

1
Q

Write a Definition For a Mouth of a River?

A
  • A Body Of Water For Example a sea,lake
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2
Q

Describe The Gradient,Valley Channel Shape, And Cross Profile Which Are All Found In The Upper Course?

A
  • The Gradient is Steep
    -V-Shaped Valley - Have Steep Sides
    -Channel shape - Is Narrow And Shallow
  • Cross Profile - Vertical Erosion
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3
Q

Describe The Gradient,Valley Channel Shape, And Cross Profile Which Are All Found In The Middle Course?

A
  • The Gradient Is Medium
  • The Valley Sides are Gentle and Sloping
    -The Channel Is Wider and Deeper
  • Cross Profile- Lateral Erosion
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4
Q

Describe The Gradient,Valley Channel Shape, And Cross Profile Which Are All Found In The Lower Course?

A
  • The Gradient is Gentle
  • The Valley is very Wide Almost Flat
  • The Channel is Very Wide and Deep
  • Cross Profile - Lateral Erosion
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5
Q

Write a Definition of Vertical Erosion And Explain Where it Would Be Found?

A
  • Vertical erosion is the downward erosion of a riverbed, deepening the river channel And Its is Mainly Found In The Formation of V-Shaped Valley.
  • Its Found In The Upper Course
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6
Q

Write a Definition of Lateral Erosion And Explain Where it Would Be Found?

A
  • Lateral erosion is the erosion of a river’s banks, causing the river channel to widen And It’s Mainly Found In Formation of A Meander.
  • It’s Found In The Middle and Lower Course.
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7
Q

Name The 4 types Of Transportation Found In rivers and Explain Them?

A
  • Traction - Large Boulders Being Pushed Along The River Bed
  • Saltation - Pebble being Bounced Along The River Bed
  • Suspension- Small Particles Like Clay are Carried Along The Water
  • Solution - Soluble Materials dissolved in the water and carried
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8
Q

Write a Definition Of Deposition?

A
  • Deposition is When the River Drops Eroded Material
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9
Q

Name Some Reasons when The River Slow Down and Deposit Materials?

A
  • When The River Loses Velocity and Energy
  • The Volume Of Water Falls
  • The Amount Of Eroded Material Increases
  • The Water is Shallower on the Inside of a Bend
  • When The River Reaches Its Mouth
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10
Q

Describe The 4 Process Of How Waterfall And Gorges Are Formed In The Upper Course?

A

-1) The river flows over a layer of hard, resistant rock overlaying softer, less resistant rock.
- 2) The softer rock beneath the hard rock is eroded more quickly due to processes like hydraulic action And Abrasion This Means the soft rock erodes faster than the hard rock.
- 3) At the base of the waterfall, the water’s energy is concentrated, creating a plunge pool through the combination of hydraulic action and abrasion.
-4)- The erosion at the base of the waterfall undercuts the hard rock above, leaving it unsupported.
- Eventually, the overhanging hard rock collapses due to gravity, and the waterfall retreats upstream, repeating the process.

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11
Q

What are interlocking spurs, and how are they formed?

A
  • They Are Found In The Upper Couse of a River and Most of The Erosion is Vertically Downwards.
  • The Rivers Don’t Erode Sideways So They Have To Erode Into The Path Or The Side.
  • The Hillsides That Interlock With Each Other Are Called Interlocking Spurs
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12
Q

Describe The Processes Of How A Meanders Is By Deposition And Erosion?

A
  • The Current Is Going To Be Faster on The outside of The Bend Because The Channel Is Deeper and There is Less Friction Slowing The Water Down.
  • So More Erosion Will Take Place on The outside of the Bend Forming River Cliffs.
  • But The Current is Slower On The Inside of The Bend Because Its More Shallower and There is More Friction Stopping The Water.
  • So The Eroded Material is Deposited On The inside of The Bend Forming Slip-off-Slopes.
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13
Q

Describe The 3 Process of How Oxbow Lakes Are Formed By Meander?

A

1)Erosion Causes The Outside Bends To Get Closer And Closer Until There is A Small Bit of Land Called The Neck.
2)The River Breaks Through The Land During a Flood and It Flows Through The Shortest Course.
3)Deposition cuts The Meander off Forming a Oxbow Lake e.g River Calder

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14
Q

Describe 2 Ways On How A Floodplain Is Formed in The Lower Courses of The River?

A

1)When a River Floods The Water Slows Down and Loses Energy and Drops Sediment that it is Carrying This Then Builds a Flood Plain.
2) When Meanders Migrates Across The Floodplain This Is Because Of Lateral Erosion and Deposition That Builds Up Creating Slip-Off-Slopes

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15
Q

Write a Definition Of a Meander And Describe Where They are Found?

A

When a River Develops There are Large Bends Called Meanders. They are Found In The Middle and Lower Course of A River.

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16
Q

Levees are ___________ Embankments.

17
Q

Describe The process Of How Levees Flood?

A
  • When a River Floods The Eroded Material Like Silt Is Deposited Over The Bank.
  • Then The Heaviest Material Like Boulders Is Deposited Closest To The River Channel Because its Heavy and The River Slows Down and Loses Energy .
  • Over Time The Deposited Material Build Up and This Creates Levees Along The Edge of The Channel
18
Q

Describe The Process Of How Estuaries Flood?

A
  • When The Water Floods Over The Bank of The River it Causes Sand And Silt Onto the Valley Floor.
    -As The Tide Then Reaches its Highest Point the Water Moves slowly and Has Little Energy so it Deposits Silt.
  • Over Time More and More Mud Builds Up Causing Mud Flats To Appear.
19
Q

Write Definition of Discharge in Rivers?

A
  • Its The Volume Of Water Flowing Per Second Measured in Cumecs
20
Q

Write a Definition For Peak Discharge?

A
  • The Highest Discharge in the Period of Time you are Looking at It.
21
Q

Write a Definition For Lag Time?

A
  • The Delay Between Peak Rainfall And Peak Discharge.
22
Q

What’s The Diffrence Between Rising And Falling Limb?

A
  • The Rising Limb Has a Increases Discharge and The Falling Limb Has A Decreased Discharge
23
Q

Name 5 Physical Factors That Affect Flood Risk?

A
  • Geology - Different Rock Type.
  • Agriculture- If Plants get too much Water it can wash the Nutrients Away
  • Prolonged Rainfall - This can Saturate The Soil And Increases Surface Runoff.
    -Change in Land Height- If a River is Steady Sided Valley Water Will Reach The Channel Quicker.
  • Confluence-Because When They Unite Then
24
Q

Name 2 Human Factors That Affect Flood Risk?

A
  • Deforestation- This Is Because If Humans Cut Down Trees It Doesn’t Stop Flooding.
  • Urbanisation-Building Cites are Made from impermeable material like concrete which increases Surface Run-off
25
Q

Why is The Nottingham Trent Left Bank Needed?

A
  • Some Areas of Nottingham Left are Only Protected against a flood that has a 1 in 105 chance of occurring in any year.
  • Some Stretches Of Defence are in Poor Conditions
26
Q

What’s The Acronym To Rembert The 6 Areas That Were Involved In The Scheme

A
  • S - Sawley - Raising The Height of Embankment.
  • A - Attenborough- New Flood Defence Introduced.
  • T - Trent Meadows - Raising The Height of Embankment.
  • B - Beeston Rylands - The Height of Embankments.
  • C - Colwick - New Defences To Improve Current of Water.
  • M - Meadows - New Flood Walls Being Built.
27
Q

Name 3 Facts About Nottingham Trent Left Bank Scheme?

A
  • Costs £45 Million To Develop Management Strategies
  • Construction Has Lasted Up to 3 Years
  • a Total of 57,740 Lorry Delivers To Build The Scheme
28
Q

Name 4 Opportunities Of Nottingham Trent Left Bank Scheme?

A
  • Improves The Life For Bats And Otters.
  • Over 15,000 Properties Will Benefit From Increased Protection.
  • Provides Additional Footpaths.
  • New Walls Have Been Built to Blend In The Surrounding Areas.
29
Q

Name 3 Social Challenges Found At The Scheme

A
  • Attenborough Cricket Club Will Not Be Used For 10 Months.
  • Access To Victoria Embankment and Riverside Will Be Closed For 11 Months.
  • Potential Increase In House Prices Due To Reduced Flood Risk.
30
Q

Name 1 Economic Challenges Found At The Trent Scheme?

A
  • Cost £45 Million Pounds To Develop Management Scheme
31
Q

Name 3 Environmental Challenges Found at Trent Scheme?

A
  • 196 Trees Have Been Lost and 116 Have Been Partially Lost.
  • Increased Noise Pollution During Construction.
  • 1.5 Hectares Of Land was Lost in Attenborough.
32
Q

Write a Definition Of Surface RunOff?

A
  • Its Where Water Flows Above The Ground To The River
33
Q

Write a Definition Of Interception?

A
  • It’s Where Trees Stop Rain From Reaching The Ground
34
Q

Write A Definition Of Impermeable Surfaces?

A
  • Its Where Water Cannot Pass Through It
35
Q

Write a Definition of Saturated Soil?

A
  • Its Where The Water Soaks Into The Soil
36
Q

Write A Definition Of Infiltration?

A
  • Its Where The Water Soak’s Into The Soil
37
Q

Write A Definition Of Permeable Surfaces?

A
  • Its Where Water Can Pass Through It
38
Q

Write a Definition Of a Confluence

A
  • Its Where 2 Rivers Meet Together and It Forms 1 River

Geography (17 decks)

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