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Geography Paper 2 - Coasts And Rivers > River Courses > Flashcards

River Courses Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is a river steepest?

A

Upper course

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2
Q

Where is a river most deep?

A

Lower course

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3
Q

Where is the river most narrow?

A

Upper course

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4
Q

Where is a river most shallow?

A

Upper course

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5
Q

How does the discharge change as a river moves through its course?

A

Discharge starts low at upper but then becomes high at the lower course

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6
Q

What will the gradient be like at the lower course?

A

Flat or low

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7
Q

Where is the river widest?

A

Lower course

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8
Q

What kind of valleys are in the upper course?

A

V-shaped valleys

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9
Q

What kind of valleys are in the lower course?

A

More semi circular u shaped valleys

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10
Q

Where does lateral erosion occur?

A

Lateral erosion occurs in the middle and Lower course

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11
Q

Why will rocks in the lower course be smaller?

A

Because of attrition taking affect over the whole course of the river

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12
Q

What does the lower course of a river have because it is flat?

A

Flood plains

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13
Q

Give some features of the upper course

A

Shallow in depth, narrow, steep, slow flow

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14
Q

Give some features of the middle course

A

Flatter valley, faster flow, lateral erosion, wider

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15
Q

Where does vertical erosion occur?

A

Upper course

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16
Q

What erosional processes occur in the lower course?

A

Transportation and deposition

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17
Q

Give some features of the lower course

A

Most energy, widest, flatter, deeper, meets the sea

18
Q

What landforms are found in the upper course?

A

Waterfalls, gorges, v -shaped valleys, interlocking spurs and the source

19
Q

Why are valleys shaped as a v in the upper course?

A

The river erodes vertically down causing the sides to be attacked by weathering processes, weakening them and causing mass movement processes.

20
Q

Interlocking spurs are…

A

Areas of more resistant rock in a v shaped valley as the softer rock has eroded away

21
Q

When do waterfalls form?

A

When a river is on two bands of hard and soft rock.

22
Q

What are the steps to waterfall formation?

A
  1. Less resistance rock eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion
  2. Hydraulic action continues undercutting and creates a pluge pool
  3. Overhang created collapses and waterfall retreats upstream
  4. a steep sided gorge is left
23
Q

Where is the waterfall in Northumberland located?

A

River Tees near Middlestone and Teesdale

24
Q

How tall is the waterfall in Northumberland ?

A

20m

25
Q

Give an example of a meander in the river Tees

A

Yarm

26
Q

Water does what on the outside bend of a meander?

A

Flows faster

27
Q

What is a slip off slope?

A

Where a river deposits material because the bed is more shallow on the inside of a meander

28
Q

What is an oxbow lake?

A

A small horse-shoe shaped lake that is not connected to any other river channels

29
Q

How does an oxbow lake form ?

A

As the neck of a meander gets narrower, fast flowing water eroded a more efficient channel and breakers through the land between a meander in times of a flood. Then alluvium is deposited between the new river channel and meander causing it to get cut off and eventually dry up

30
Q

What landforms are found in the middle course?

A

Oxbow lakes and meanders

31
Q

What is a helicoidal flow?

A

A continuous corkscrew motion of water as it flows along a river channel

32
Q

What is a river cliff?

A

Steep edge of a river

33
Q

Landforms in the lower course are…

A

Levees, floodplains, large meanders and oxbowlakes

34
Q

Where are deltas found?

A

In the lower course of a river with high load as it starts to slow down

35
Q

What are floodplains?

A

Wide flat areas of land either side of a river liable to floods

36
Q

What is a levee?

A

An embankment built up on either side of a river after flooding

37
Q

Where is the mouth of the river Tees?

A

In the North Sea between Hartlepool and Redcar near Middlesbrough

38
Q

How may deltas be useful to humans?

A

They provide new farming grounds as the land is extremely fertile

39
Q

Describe a fan shaped delta with an example

A

When land around the river mouth arches out to sea, splitting the river many times creating a fan affect e.g. river Niger in Nigeria

40
Q

What is a cuspate delta and give an example?

A

When the land around a river just out, arrow like, into the sea e.g. river Ebro in Spain

41
Q

Describe Bird’s foot delta and give an example

A

When a river splits lm the way to sea and each part of the river just out to sea like a bird’s foot e.g. Mississippi River in the USA

42
Q

What is a delta?

A

A low lying area at the mouth of a river where it deposits so much sediment that it extends beyond the coast

Geography Paper 2 - Coasts And Rivers (17 decks)

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