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Geography Paper 2 - Coasts And Rivers > Coastal Erosion, depositional landforms and storm surges > Flashcards

Coastal Erosion, depositional landforms and storm surges Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four types of coastal erosion?

A

Corrasion, attrition, solution and hydraulic action

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2
Q

What is corrasion?

A

Where sediment moved by waves grinds down the side of the cliff

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3
Q

What is attrition?

A

Where waves move the rocks and pebbles causing them to hit each other and smoothening their surfaces when they break.

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4
Q

What is solution?

A

When acids in sea water dissolve rocks

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5
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Where air gets trapped in the side of a cliff face and gets compressed by waves breaking forcing the rock apart.

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6
Q

What does concordent mean?

A

When layers of rock are parallel to the sea

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7
Q

What does discordant mean?

A

When alternating bands of rock are at right angles to the coast

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8
Q

What is a headland?

A

A piece of land jutting out to sea

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9
Q

What is a bay?

A

A broad coastline often with a beach

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10
Q

Where do headland and bays happen?

A

At discordant a coastline

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11
Q

Why is water in bays shallow?

A

As the eroded rock is deposited in the bay

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12
Q

What type of erosion takes place at the soft rock in a bay?

A

Hydraulic action

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13
Q

What’s unique about the geology of Lulworth cove?

A

It is a concordent coastline and there are alternating bands of hard and soft rock

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14
Q

What is Old Harry?

A

A stack formed by the erosion of a cliff

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15
Q

Where is Old Harry

A

South of England along the Dorset coastal town of Swanage.

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16
Q

What kind of erosion was the main reason the formation of Old Harry?

A

Hydraulic action

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17
Q

What are the steps that lead up to the formation of Old Harry in order?

A

Headland, crack, cave, arch, stack (Old Harry) and stump (his wife).

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18
Q

What is wave pounding?

A

The force of waves crashing against cliffs

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19
Q

What is a wave cut platform?

A

A wide, gentle sloping rocky surface at the foot of a cliff

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20
Q

What is a wave cut notch?

A

A small indentation (notch) cut into a cliff roughly at the level of high tide caused by erosion

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21
Q

What is fetch?

A

The distance the wind has blown

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22
Q

What causes waves?

A

Wind blowing over the sea.

23
Q

Give features of a constructive wave

A

Created in calm conditions (summer), builds up beach material, low frequency of 6-8 waves per minute and has a strong swash but weak backwash

24
Q

Give some features of a destructive wave

A

Created in stormy conditions (winter), removes material from coast, has a high frequency of 10-15 waves per minute and has a weak swash and strong backwash

25
Q

What is a spit?

A

A finger of new land made of sand and shingle jutting out to sea from the coast

26
Q

What builds behind a spit if at a river estuary?

A

A salt marsh

27
Q

What is a salt marsh?

A

Low lying coastal wetland extending between high and low tide

28
Q

What is a bar?

A

A spit that has grown across a bay

29
Q

What are coastal spits formed through?

A

Longshore drift

30
Q

When does a hook form at the end of a spit?

A

If the wind changes

31
Q

How long is Hurst Castle spit?

A

One mile long

32
Q

What village is Hurst Castle spit near?

A

Keyhaven, South coast of England

33
Q

How far from the Isle of Wight is the Hurst Castle spit?

A

3/4s of a mile away

34
Q

What is a tombolo?

A

Similar to a spit but connects to an island

35
Q

What do you get behind a bar?

A

A lagoon

36
Q

What landforms does deposition form?

A

Spits, bars, beaches, tombolos and sand dunes

37
Q

Name a tombolo in the UK

A

St Michael’s Mount in Cornwall

38
Q

Why is a sand dune formed?

A

From onshore winds blowing inland

39
Q

What does a tombolo connect to?

A

An island

40
Q

What does longshore drift form?

A

Tombolos, spits and bars

41
Q

What is thermal expansion?

A

Where oceans get warmer and expand

42
Q

What is a storm surge?

A

A rise of sea level beneath a severe storm

43
Q

Give the date of two storm surges from the last 60 years in eastern Uk

A

31st January 1953 floods and 6th December 2013 floods

44
Q

How many died in the 2013 storm surge?

A

2 people

45
Q

How many homes in Lincolnshire were flooded during the 2013 storm surge?

A

300

46
Q

How many homes where advised to evacuate in Norfolk during the 2013 storm surge?

A

9000

47
Q

How many homes in Kent were flooded during the 2013 storm surge?

A

500

48
Q

Give an economic impact of the 2013 storm surge in Norfolk

A

Businesses were flooded

49
Q

What counties were effected in the 1953 storm surge?

A

Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex

50
Q

How many died in England in the 1953 storm surge?

A

307

51
Q

How many had to be evacuated from their homes in the 1953 storm surge?

A

30,000

52
Q

How many were made homeless by the 1953 storm surge?

A

40,000

53
Q

Give 2 environmental impacts of the 1953 storm surge

A

Over 1600km of coastline was damaged and in Lincolnshire, flooding reached as far as 2 miles inland

54
Q

Give to economic impacts of the 1953 storm surge

A

24,000 properties were seriously damaged and in 1958, damages cost £50 million

Geography Paper 2 - Coasts And Rivers (17 decks)

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