Rijtjes Flashcards
Shortcomings Brysbaert and Rastle
Both cognitive psychologists –> Very much focussed on cognition in (healthy) adults
Don’t focus on: development, neuropharmacology, emotion, human behavior/human life (sleep, sex, food, agression, altruism etc.)
Evolution of ideas emotion in the brain
(1884) James & Lange: first action, then emotions
(1920) Cannon: Thalamus is emotion area
(1930) Bard: Hypothalamus is emotion area
(1930-1950) General idea: hypothalamus for emotions, drives, irrationality, unconsciousness, cortex for ratio, control, consciousness
(1949) MacLean: visceral brain
(1952) MacLean: from visceral brain –> limbic system
(1990) MacLean: triune brain
1990-2010: Amygdala as emotion centre (a new hypothalamus)
Nowadays: dynamic network
3 Laws of Alexander Luria
- Law of hierarchical structure (cortical areas more dominant than (secondary), lower-lying areas)
- Law of diminishing specificity (the further information is processed in the brain, the less specific, less abstract it will be (the simpler?)
- Law of progressive lateralization (in the cortical hemispheres more functioning lateralization can be found than in the lower lying areas)
3 Ventricles Vesalius
1 Anterior ventricle: common sense, fantasy
2 Second ventricle: thoughts, oordeel
3 Posterial ventricle: memory
Problems with fMRI/antidepressants
- Correlatie is geen causaliteit! (fMRI)
- Assumes that localization is true
- Simplification emotion-ratio (anger is only this part of the brain –> too simple)
- Conclusies zijn niet zo hard als mensen ze stellen, blijf twijfelen, onderzoeken
- What will get a color in fMRI –> depends on experimental set up, statistical analysis (so prone to biases)
- Problem with antidepressants: doesn’t always work (overschat), risks are great, quitting symptoms & almost no evidence for hypothesis that serotonin deficiency is causing depression
Lindberg’s research findings
- Skills from preliterate civilizations were based on practice (know-how, not on understanding the underlying principles).
- Knowledge of history of a certain tribe was limited to 2 generations, the rest was lost (mainly practical skills, what to do when).
- Animism
Ontstaan schrift –> consequences (gevolgen)?
- spreading ideas (time and space)
- religion
- accumulation of knowledge
- transfer information without having to be phisically there (oral)
- money (finances)
- cipher (cijferschrift)
- assumptions/claims could be preserved (ideas, religion)
- complex social structures
Why Subitise (turfed) with 5?
- Five seems to be the first of numbers that exceeds perceptual limits
- There are 5 fingers on 1 hand
Neolitical revolution –> consequences (gevolgen)?
- from nomadic hunters –> farmers
- Community with different roles (farmers, smiths etc.)
- More time left (no travelling, more food produced) –> more thinking, more knowledge!
- Political stability
- Verstedelijking (urbanisation), protection
- Beschikbaarheid schijfsystemen
What were the factors that resulted I scientific growth (in neolitical revolution)?
- urbanisation
- patronage
- writing systems
- counting systems
Who were the two most famous post-socrates?
Plato and Aristotle
How is the idea of innate knowledge still relevant to this day forward?
- Young children capable of causal reasoning and young children look surprised when natural laws are violated –> signs of innate knowledge
- LAD Chomsky still relevant
- We don’t think innate knowledge come from reincarnation, but from evolution nowadays
What were the 3 souls that Aristotle distinguishes?
- Vegetative soul: Every living organism has one
- Animal soul: Only humans and animals have one (like memory)
- Rational soul: Only humans have one (i.e. rational thinking, reasoning)
Knowledge according to Aristotle is based on?
- sensory perception
- induction
- logic: deduction using axioms
What were the 2 types of knowledge according to Aristotle?
- Productive knowledge
2. Practical knowledge
What were the ideas that church taught humans before the scientific revolution?
- Geocentric/Ptolemaic model
- Earth is 6000 years old
- Mankind is not like animals
- Heaven and hell exist
- Thinking happens in our immaterial mind (not in the brain)
What were the 2 problems with the geocentric model? And what was the solution?
- Why do planets rise and set (and the sun)?
- How does that explain retrograde movements?
Solution: epicycli
Why did Copernicus publish his idea of the heliocentric model only after about 30 years?
- He was scared of objections
- He was scared of the church
- He was scared people would laugh at him
What were the 5 objections of/questions about the heliocentric model?
- Heliocentric model does not describe the data very well
- Heliocentric model is just as complicated as the geocentric model
- If the earth is spinning around the sun, why don’t we fall of the earth? (later explained by boat-experiment)
- If the earth rotates, why do things fall straight down? (later explained by ball-experiment)
- Why isn’t the moon orbiting the sun?
What were the 2 problems with epicycli?
- Lead to a complex maths model
2. Does not completely/fully explain the retrograde movements
What were Bacon’s 4 idols?
- Idol of the tribe
- Idol of the cave
- Idol of the marketplace
- Idol of the theatre
How do we still see Bacon’s influence nowadays?
- Experiments (and doubting results)
- Peer review
- Replication of research
- Statistical hypothesis tests
What were the 3 stadia of civilization according to Comte?
- Theocratical stadium: all (theories) can be explained by god and ghosts
- Metaphysical stadium: philosophy ad the explanation for everything
- Positivistic stadium: explanations are given by natural science (everything you can test is knowledge, walhalla, the best)
What were the 3 counter-positivism movements?
- Romance: strong feelings, the unconscious and intuitions as key concepts. Research into classics, literature, art.
- Humanities: “It is dangerous and unnecessary to replace traditional findings with rationality and science.”
Folk Science: understanding and predicting the natural and social world, without using rigorous methodologies
What was Comte’s critique on introspection?
- Not reliable because there is no distinction between the investigated and investigator
- No objectivity
- Panta Rhei
What was Kant’s critique on introspection?
- Cannot be described mathematically because mental things have no quantitative properties
- Consciousness cannot be kept constant
- Observing the mind, changes the mind (Panta Rhei)
What were the 3 believes that stood in the way of psychology becoming a science?
- Humans are not like natural phenomena, so cannot be described mathematically.
- Humans are different from animals, so biology is not relevant for psychology.
- Human body is controlled by an immaterial mind (and cannot even be confirmed)
How do we still see results of Donder’s findings nowadays?
Decision making studies, Implicit-association Task (IAT)
What were the 3 factors that resulted in psychology becoming a science?
- Rise of psychometrics
- Evolution theory Darwin
(Human and animal behavior interwoven)
- humans lose their special status compared to animals –> the question “who are we” can be answered with science now - Mind is in the brain (is not immaterial), localization
What were the 2 critiques on structuralism?
- Uses introspection which is bad (biased, not scientific enough)
- Doesn’t focus on pragmatic issues and can’t answer them either (pragmatisch: nut en bruikbaarheid)
What was the development of people with disorders from the 15th-19th century?
Before 16th century: Lived on streets, possessed by evil spirits
16th-19th century: authorities decide –> mental prisons/hospitals
19th century: neurology, biological components, hypnosis, psychological therapy
How can we still see the influences of Freud nowadays?
Unconsciousness still relevant
Defense mechanisms still relevant
Solving psychological problems by talking
Psychoanalysis still being used
How can we still see Binet’s influence nowadays?
We use personality tests, application tests, educational tests.
Explain how Descartes gives proof of God.
Because I doubt I’m not perfect. The idea of perfection must’ve been placed in my mind by something perfect –> God
Since God is perfect he would not want to fool us, so the world around us exists, is real.
Give 3 similarities of Descartes and Berkeley.
- God explains it all.
- Both European philosophers
- Both formulated theories about principles of knowledge
Give 3 differences between Descartes and Berkeley.
- Descartes = dualist, Berkeley = idealist
- Descartes says reason is the main source of knowledge, Berkeley says perception is the main source of knowledge
- Descartes believes in an external world because God would not fool us as he’s perfect, Berkeley believes that the material world is real but is not material.
Name Hume’s 3 laws of causality.
- Proximity of cause and effect (nabijheid)
- Cause precedes consequence (oorzaak voor gevolg
- Necessary connection between cause and effect
(by use of induction, but induction is invalid!)
