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Fundamentals of Psychology p.I > Important terms/theories > Flashcards

Important terms/theories Flashcards

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1
Q

Mechanical theory about reflexes (Descartes)

A

Signal/sensation travels through nerves via brain back to the body part, leads to involuntary behavior –> Fout, pad is te lang!

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2
Q

Reflex arc (sensory and motor nerves) (Marshal Hall)

A

Sensory receptors –> via spinal cord –> interneuronen –> Motorneuronen –> motor command

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3
Q

Organology (Gall)

A

Difference in predisposition can be seen in cortical development (hersenen, schedelonderzoek, larger cortical area)

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4
Q

Cranioscopy (Gall)

A

Differences in cortical development can be seen in nodules of the skull (schedelknobbels, denk aan een talenknobbel)

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5
Q

Phrenology (Spurzheim)

A

Combination of organology and cranioscopy

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6
Q

Equipotentiality theory (Flourens)

A

Psychological functions are indivisible properties of the cortex as a whole (als je een deel van het brein afsnijdt nemen andere breidelen de functie over)

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7
Q

Reticularism (Golgi)

A

The brain and the bulding blocks of the brain are a continuous network

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8
Q

Cells that fire together, wire together / Long-term potentiation

A

The more often, the easier

Cells (neurons) grow towards each other (zo leer je dus bijv.)

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9
Q

Darwin’s localization theory brain

A

Evolutionary oldest in the lower part of the brain (reptielenbrein), evolutionary newest in the upper part of the brain (PFC)

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10
Q

Mesmerism (pseudowetenschap)

A

Believe in animal magnetism (=hypnoticism)

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11
Q

Spiritualism

A

Spirits influence the world around us

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12
Q

Computer analogy (Turing)

A

A psychological process (reasoning) can be done by a machine (the mind is software of the brain that is hardware)

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13
Q

Language Acquisition Device (Chomsky)

A

The LAD is an innate device with which you are able to learn language (according to Chomsky)

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14
Q

Computer analogy

A

Computer analogy: a psychological process (reasoning) can be done by a machine (the mind is software of the brain that is hardware)

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15
Q

Law of effect

A

Reward: behavior will be repeated
Punishment: behavior will be less/not repeated

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16
Q

Turing machine

A

Machine developed by Alan Turing.

This is a hypothetical machine that can simulate ANY computer algorithm, no matter how complicated.

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17
Q

Behaviorism

A

Positivism + Learning theory + Operationalism = behaviorism

A systematic approach towards understanding human behavior.
It assumes that behavior is an outcome of influences from environmental stimuli, your history, punishment and reinforcement (nothing you do is voluntary, there is no free will).

Aanhangers: Skinner, Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson

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18
Q

Animism

A

Universum verklaren met bovennatuurlijke dingen, zoals geesten (human-like spirits)

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19
Q

Protowriting

A

We don’t really see this as writing, though. Very simple writing (symbols didn’t stand for anything)

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20
Q

Pictograms

A

Symbols that represent sounds en phonograms (letters, geluiden, klanken)

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21
Q

Logographic

A

For every word there is a sign/logo (The word does not represent the cat itself, doesn’t look like it, just means cat, like the lettres ‘cat’)

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22
Q

Subitising

A

The ability to rapidly and accurately distinguish small entities (tellen basically)

Early on human could distinguish up to 3 entities

(also in tribes from nowadays (can count 1, 2 and many)

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23
Q

Grouping

A

Turfen (met 5) om tellen makkelijker te maken

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24
Q

Place coding system

A

Meaning of a sign depends not only on its shape, but also its position in series (required number 0) –> 142 (1 staat voor 100, 4 voor 40, 2 voor 2)

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25
Q

Ontology

A

Wat is het om te zijn, hoe zit de wereld in elkaar (ontologie –> being)

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26
Q

Epistemology

A

Wat is waar, kennis (epistemologie –> knowledge)

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27
Q

Aesthetics

A

Leer van schoonheid, waarom mooi/ waarom niet (esthetiek –> beauty)

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28
Q

Ethics

A

Wat is goed en wat is fout, normen en waarden (ethiek –> morality)

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29
Q

Panta Rhei

A

You never step into the same river twice (everything flows, no two things are the same)

30
Q

Rationalism

A

Stroming, “Real knowledge derives from the ratio”.

31
Q

Grotallegorie

A

By Plato: Je denkt dat de schaduwen de werkelijkheid zijn maar is niet zo, de waarheid is buiten dus die kennen mensen niet, als je mensen uitlegt geloven ze je niet. In de ideeënhemel is alles mooier. Je hebt wel de aangeboren kennis om tot dat vermogen te komen om de waarheid te zien want nativisme (believed in reincarnation in a way).

32
Q

Tabula rasa

A

(Aristotle) Mensen komen als onbeschreven blad ter wereld (blank slate).

(Popular with John Locke and behaviorists as well)

33
Q

Axioms

A

General laws that are no longer derived from other laws & are acquired through experience.

34
Q

Syllogism

A

Argumentatie met p1, p2, c etc.

35
Q

Stoa/Stoicism

A

(Zeno) Best to minimize your feelings, live by the reason and take the world as it is (Hond en paard metafoor)

Ultieme chillers, je moet het allemaal lekker laten gaan, geen zorgen maken.

36
Q

Epicurism

A

(Epicurus) Happiness is the ultimate pursuit, living as balanced as possible to achieve this

  • inspired Comte
37
Q

Scepticism

A

(Phyrro) Doubt everything. No one can ever know for sure.

Inspired Descartes (I think therefore I am)
Inspired David Hume (problem of induction)
Inspired nowaday science (question everything in experiments i.e.)

38
Q

Preliterate civilizations

A

civilizations before writing was invented.

39
Q

Learning theory

A

(Hippo) People learn by prior experience, cognitive influences, emotional influences and environmental influences

(kind of behavioristic)

40
Q

Problem of other minds

A

(Hippo) You don’t know if things appear to other (people’s) minds as they appear to us (i.e. my red can be your blue, although we all use the name “red”).

41
Q

Ptolemeic/geocntric modal

A

Earth is the centre of the universe and planets and the sun orbits the earth.

42
Q

Epicycli

A

(Kepler): circles moving on another big circle around the earth (lussen)

Explain retrograde movements of planets

43
Q

Heliocentric model

A

The sun is in the middle of the universe, earth and other planets orbit the sun

44
Q

Thought-experiment with a boat

A

When a boat sails, you don’t feel that it’s moving, because you move with the same speed and movement as the boat.

–> this is a metaphor for the turning of the earth

45
Q

Thought-experiment with a ball (and boat)

A

If you drop a ball, it will (for you) look like it’s dropping in a straight line because you move with the same speed

–> this is the same with the earth turning

46
Q

Idol of the tribe

A

(Bacon)
Whole human race: Thinking errors (denkfouten/biases) that people make

  • Optical illusion(i.e. human urge to see patterns everywhere, even if they’re not there)
  • Confirmation bias (people that have survived something think it’s because of God or maybe because of their compulsion/ritual)
47
Q

Idol of the cave

A

Prejudices that you share with others your culture/group that share your interests and habits

  • Majority bias
  • Prejudices (racism)
48
Q

Idol of the marketplace

A

Language, biases as a consequence of language

  • Reification
  • Looping effect
49
Q

Reification

A

Because you have a word for something, it suddenly ‘exists’ (like depression, although you can’t physically see or touch it).

50
Q

Looping effect

A

When you call someone depressive (in clinical psychology f.e.), that person will behave depressive.

51
Q

Idol of the theatre

A

Fallacy/thinking error because of authority

  • authority bias (“Socrates says it, so it must be real”)
52
Q

Novum Organum

A

First methodology book, by Bacon

About how prejudice can be overcome by use of methodology.

53
Q

Experiment fructifera

A

(fruitdragend) experiments to find practical solutions (how much water needed for these apples)

54
Q

Experiment lucifer(a)

A

(lichtdragend) experiments to create clarity (mental, theoretical, deeper)

55
Q

Crucial instances

A

Everything with an alternative explanation (verklaring) –> so actually almost everything

56
Q

Principa mathematica

A

Exact theory by Newton about simpler maths, easier formula’s (made with a combination of Compernicus’, Galilei’s and Kepler’s ideas)

57
Q

Positivism

A

A movement that believed you can only obtain authentic knowledge by using scientific methods, science).

So, religion and philosophy are inferior.

Rationalistic! (but also empirical because you have to be able to proof everything)

Comte was a supporter of positivism

58
Q

Romanticism

A

Counter-movement of positivism.

Unconsciousness and intuitions are most important.

Humanities (geesteswetenschappen), folk science (instead of real science).

Science is not the answer, it’s deeper.

(Freud was a real romanticist, later in time).

59
Q

Introspection

A

Looking inside, studying yourself and your own thoughts as a scientific method

60
Q

Donders experiment

A

He found that choice was the longest reaction time, then recognition, then simple.

61
Q

Structuralism

A

Mental states are built on basic properties (basale eigenschappen)

i.e.: fear is a combination of sweat, muscle tension and palpitations

62
Q

Gestalt-psychology

A

Opposite of structuralism

“Het geheel is meer dan de som der delen”

Dividing the mind into different parts will not increase our understanding of the mind (see optical illusions)

Hollistic viewpoint

63
Q

“Het geheel is meer dan de som der delen”

A

The full things is more than just the adding of the parts it consists of (like optical illusions)

64
Q

Stream of thoughts

A

Experiences/ideas are always moving –> panta rhei

useless thing die, but not fear because fear increases our chance for survival

65
Q

Functionalisme

A

We should focus on the function of psychological phenomena rather than the structure!

66
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

When you fake smile, you become happier i.e. (so using the same muscles as you would when smiling, will give the same happy feeling)

67
Q

Binet-Simon test

A

Used to measure kids’ mental age. Kids solve small problems to measure this. Sum score used (first time!)

68
Q

Doubt experiment

A

(Descartes)
The only thing that exists is my doubt (je kunt alleen niet twijfelen aan dat je twijfelt)

Je kan twijfelen aan waarneming en experimenten

You can be fooled by a malicious genius (like the matrix)

69
Q

Cogito ergo sum

A

(Descartes)

“I think, therefor I am”

70
Q

Interaction problem

A

How does an immaterial mind interact with a material body?

71
Q

Esse est percepii

A

(Berkeley)

“To be, is to be perceived”

72
Q

A-priori kennis categories

A

Causality, time, order, space

We use this innate knowledge to structure perception (a-priori knowledge + empirical perceptions = proof)

Because of this science is possible again (solves Hume’s problem)

Fundamentals of Psychology p.I (9 decks)

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