People to remember (Lecture 2: The scientific revolution)

Question 1

Augustine van Hippo

Answer 1

Learning theory

Unconsciousness

Problem of other minds

(Was able to find these discoveries because he didn’t live close to church)

Question 2

Ibn Al-Haytam

Answer 2

Made important discoveries in maths and physics (was able to because he didn’t live close to church)

Question 3

Copernicus

Answer 3

Came up with heliocentric model

Was scared to publish his work

Question 4

Galilei

Answer 4

Defends Copernicus’ idea of heliocentric model

Uses telescope to find out that

• moon has craters and mountains
• Jupiter has moons (earth is not the only planet with a moon)
• Venus has phases (orbits the sun)

Found that Aristotles claim “other celestial bodies are different from earth” was wrong!

Thought-experiment with a boat

Thought-experiment with a ball on a ship

Combined rationalism with empiricism (used experience to test predictions)

Ecological validity question (do you measure what you want to measure? i.e. does hot sauce show anger?)

Question 5

Kepler

Answer 5

Solves retrograde problem with ellipses/epicycles (makes heliocentric model less complex)

Question 6

Bacon

Answer 6

Scientific method (test theories with systematic observation) –> combined rationalism with empiricism

He thought scientific method was needed to prevent thinking errors/biases/predujice (human psychology interferes with finding the truth)

Was a scepticist (wantrouwen net als Aristotle)

Came up with the 4 idols (tribe, cave, marketplace, theatre

Novum organum (first methodology book)

Empirical cycle

Question 7

Newton

Answer 7

He perfects physics (integrated Copernicus, Galilei, Kepler to create:)

Principa mathematica

Question 8

Comte

Answer 8

Against psychology, because you can’t examine (onderzoeken) psychology

Comes up with 3 stadia of civilization (theocratical, metaphysical and positivistic)