People to remember (Lecture 6: Psychology and the rise of neuroscience)

Question 1

Luria

Answer 1

hierarchical networks, developed neuropsychology
3 laws: 
1. law of hierarchical structure
2. law of diminishing specificity
3. law of progressive lateralization

Question 2

Hebb

Answer 2

Cells that fire together, wire together (long-term potentiation: cells grow toward each other, more often –> easier (that’s how you study and learn things by hard))

Question 3

Plato

Answer 3

Logica in brein, gevoel in hart, lust in lever

Question 4

Aristotle

Answer 4

Brain cools the heart when it’s working too hard (emotional).
Soul is in the heart.
Sensory perception in region around the heart.

Heart as thinking organ because:

1. Heart is in the centre of the body
2. When you’re emotional you feel your heart (hartkloppingen), not your brain (the heart is effected by emotion)

Question 5

Galen

Answer 5

Nerve pathway: Stem komt uit het hoofd, the brain as a hub (because when you cut a pigs throat it can’t scream anymore)

The soul was in the ventricles (because fluid so immaterial)

Through ventricles, animal spirits and nerves, the soul had contact with the body

Question 6

Vesalius

Answer 6

3 ventricles confirmed:

1. anterior ventricle: common sense, fantasy
2. second ventricle: thought (judgement)
3. posterial ventricle: memory

Question 7

Descartes

Answer 7

Body is material machine, souls is machine like a clock (clock metaphor; think about bird migration example).

Mechanical theory about reflexes: signal travels through nerves to the brain and then back to the body part –> involuntary behavior

Dualism (body and soul meet in pineal gland)

Question 8

Oricgaska

Answer 8

Spinal cord is responsible for reflexes

Question 9

Thomas Willis

Answer 9

Higher brain structures for complex functions (problem-solving, decision-making), lower brain structures for elementary functions (like senses)

Question 10

Gall

Answer 10

First localization theory

Organology & Cranioscopy

Question 11

Spurzheim

Answer 11

Pupil Gall, came up with phrenology

Question 12

Flourens

Answer 12

Anti-localisation experiment

Localization of function in brainstem, not in cortex

Equipotentiality theory: psychological functions are indivisible properties of the cortex as a whole (when 1 part is damaged, other parts (partly) take over its function)

Question 13

Sechenov

Answer 13

Higher brain functions have its origin in reflexes (like inhibition)

Question 14

Jackson

Answer 14

Relationships between brain-areas and muscles (studied people with epilepsia)

Higher areas integrate input from lower areas brain

Higher brain areas control lower brain areas

Evolution theory brain like Darwin

If brain part has damage (fails), function of it also fails

Sensori-motor units

Question 15

Fritz and Hitzig

Answer 15

Confirmed Jackson’s hypothesis: when you stimulate certain brain parts, motor areas were effected (dogs started moving)

Question 16

Batholow

Answer 16

Confirmed Jackson’s theory with humans (Mary Rafferty)

Question 17

Darwin

Answer 17

Evolutietheorie

Evolutionary oldest is at the bottom of brain (reptielenbrein)
Evolutionary newest at the top of brain (PFC)

Question 18

Spencer

Answer 18

All structures (brain but also society) evolve from undifferentiated and homogeneous to differentiated and heterogeneous (more complex)

Question 19

Golgi

Answer 19

Neurons consist of cell bodies and form networks

Reticularism: the brain and its building blocks are a continuous network

Question 20

Ramon y Cajal

Answer 20

Globules are separate cells (neurons), but form networks together

(Neurons communicate with each other without being liked to each other)

Question 21

James & Lange

Answer 21

First action, then emotions (you ran away, then you’re brain is like: I ran away, I must be scared)

Question 22

Cannon

Answer 22

Thalamus is emotion area

Question 23

Bard

Answer 23

Hypothalamus is emotion area

Question 24

MacLean

Answer 24

Visceral brain (is related to psychosomatic disease and psychoanalysis)

Visceral brain: oral and sexual behavior, aggression, non-linguistic, unconsciousness –> related to id
Cortex: ratio, control, consciousness