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PSYCH 202 A > Rhythms of Sleep > Flashcards

Rhythms of Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

Sleep Deprivation Studies: Humans

A

3-4 Hours Deprivation:
- Increased sleepiness
- Disturbances of mood
- Poor performance on tests of vigilance
2-3 Days of Continuous Deprivation:
- Experience microsleeps, naps of 2-3 seconds
Longer Periods of Deprivation:
- No effects on motor performance
- No effects of cognitive performance
- May affect creativity
- Correlated with dementia

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2
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Any biological process that displays endogenous, entrainable oscillation for an average of 24 hours
Ex. sleep cycle

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3
Q

Infradian Rhythm

A

A biological rhythm that lasts longer than 24 hours, but less than a year
Ex. Menstrual cycle

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4
Q

Ultradian Rhythm

A

A biological rhythm that occurs repeatedly throughout the day
Ex. Microsleeps, blinking

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5
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Environmental cues that entrain circadian cycles (light-dark tides)
- Without Zeitgebers, animals display “free-running
rhythms”
- Humans average around 25 hours
- The circadian clock is located in the suprachiasmatic
nucleus
- Even when isolated, it shows cycles of electrical,
metabolic, and biochemical activity
- The Retinohypothalamic tract connects the retina with
the SCN
- Photoreceptors that entrain the SCN are light-sensitive
ganglion cells

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6
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A
  • Light information is sent directly to the SCN (in the hypothalamus)
  • SCN: primarily biological clock, receiving projections from retinohypothalamic pathways
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7
Q

SCN Signaling of Pineal Gland

A
  • SCN signals the pineal gland about light/dark phases
    • Pineal gland secretes melatonin during dark phases
  • Lesions of the SCN or pineal gland disrupt rhythms controlled by light/dark phases
    • Create free-running circadian rhythms
    • Abolish annual breeding cycles
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8
Q

Function of Melatonin

A
  • Synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland
  • Melatonin is not a sleep aid
  • Pineal gland is main source of melatonin
    • just one pineal gland
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9
Q

Sleep Cycles

A

4 Stages:
1. Stage 1 (non-REM)
2. Stage 2 (non-REM)
3. Stage 3 (non-REM & slow-wave sleep)
4. REM

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10
Q

Stages Differ By

A
  1. Neural Activity
  2. Eye Movement
  3. Muscle Activity
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11
Q

Studying Sleep

A

Electro-oculogram (EOG): monitors eye movement
Electromyogram (EMG): measures muscle activity
Electroencephalogram ( EEG): measures brain waves

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12
Q

EEG Activity

A
  1. Delta
  2. Theta
  3. Alpha
  4. Beta
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13
Q

Wakefulness

A

Beta: irregular, low amplitude, typical of alertness & active
thinking
Alpha: regular, medium frequency, typical of resting

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14
Q

PGO Waves

A
  • Distinctive patterns of high amplitude electrical potentials known as PGO waves
  • Waves neural activity begins in the pons, followed by lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and then in the occipital cortex
  • REM deprivation results in high density of PGO waves when allows to sleep normally
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14
Q

When Sleep Begins:

A

Stage 1: Alpha to Theta waves with vertex spikes;
transition from wakefulness to sleep
Stage 2: Theta waves continue, but now marked by sleep
spindles and k-complexes
Stage 3: Beginning of deep or slow wave sleep & involves a
combination of Theta and Delta
- The deep, restful sleep, where it’s hard to wake you up
- High amplitude, low frequency

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15
Q

REM Sleep & Dreaming

A
  • External stimuli can be incorporated into dreams
  • Dreams run on “real time”
  • Virtually everyone dreams
  • Sleepwalking, sleep talking, and bedwetting occur more frequently during SWS than during REM sleep, when core muscles are relaxed.
16
Q

Lucid Dreaming

A
  • Dreams in which the sleeper realizes they are in a dream
  • Can be trained through intention setting before bed, as well as use of a different electronic devices
  • Studies of this experience has allowed the understanding of the experience of time in dreams
17
Q

Forebrain System (Basal Forebrain)

A

Generates SWS

18
Q

Brainstem System

A
  • Medulla, Pons, etc
  • Reticular Activating System
    Activates the forebrain to wakefulness
19
Q

A Pontine System

A

Triggers REM sleep

20
Q

Why Do We Sleep?

A
  1. Energy Conservation
  2. Niche Adaptation
  3. Restoration & Recovery
  4. Memory Consolidation
21
Q

A Hypothalamic System

A
  • Makes sure we keep a stable system
  • Coordinates the other three
22
Q

Dreaming To Forget

A
  • REM sleep erases spurious associations between neurons before they can inappropriately trigger synaptic plasticity & learning

Reverse Hebbian Rule: weakens connections when a dream co-activates neighbouring neurons
- Weak associations are actively down-regulated by random input

22
Q

Sleep Disorders in Children

A
  • Night terrors & sleep enuresis (bed-wetting) are associated with SWS
  • Somnambulism (sleep walking)
    occurs during stage 3 SWS
    • May persist into adulthood
23
Q

Freud Dream Theory

A

Believed dreams provide insight to the subconscious
- Dreams constitute a disguised
attempt at wish fulfillment
- Criticized because it cannot be
proven wrong

23
Q

Activation-Synthesis Model

A

Theory that dreams have no meaning at all
- Represent random activity from
the brainstem that is sent to the
cortex
- Cortex “synthesizes” and
explanation, weaving a story
from random inputs

24
Q

Sleep Paralysis

A

Brief inability to move just before falling asleep or just after waking
- The pontine center may be
continuing to impose muscle
paralysis after wakefulness

25
Q

People with Narcolepsy

A

Have frequent, intense sleep attacks: SWS can be induced with over excitement
- Last 5-30 mins
- Occur any time of the day
- Occur several times a day; every
90 mins
Do not go through SWS before REM sleep
May show cataplexy - a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse

26
Q

Sleep-Onset Insomnia

A

Difficulty in falling asleep and can be caused by situational factors, such as shift work or jet lag

27
Q

Sleep-Maintenance Insomnia

A

Difficulty in staying asleep and may be caused by drugs or neurological and psychiatric factors

28
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Breathing may stop or slow down when muscles in the chest and diaphragm relax too much or from changes in the pacemaker respiratory neurons in the brainstem

29
Q

Sleep-State Misperception

A

Occurs when people report they haven’t slept even when EEg indicates they have

30
Q

REM Behavior Disorder

A

Organized behavior in a person who appears to be asleep
- Usually begins after age 50
- More common in men
- May be followed by early
symptoms of Parkinson’s
disease and dementia
- Suggests the widespread
damage of these diseases
begins in the brainstem region
that imposes muscle atonia

PSYCH 202 A (10 decks)

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