Revision Session Flashcards
What is ALARP?
As Low As Reasonably Practicable
The cost of further reduction is “grossly disproportionate” to the benefits of risk reduction
What is Air Safety?
The state of freedom from unacceptable risk of injury to personal, or damage, throughout the life cycle of military Air Systems
What is Flight Safety?
The ability to operate in the air environment in the safest possible manner.
What is Air Worthiness?
The ability of an aircraft, airborne equipment or system to be operated in the air and on the ground without any significant risk to aircrew, ground crew, passengers or third parties.
Describe human factors.
Relates to people in their working environment and their relationship with:
Equipment
Procedures
The environment
Other people
What makes up long-term memory?
Semantic memory
Motor memory/mechanical skills
Episodic memory
What is CRM?
Crew Resource Management
The use of all skills and resources available to a crew to achieve the aims of the flight (i.e. safety, effectiveness and efficiency)
Why was CRM introduced?
To improve safety and, incidentally, the efficiency of aircraft operations.
Was found that anywhere between 50-70% of aircraft accidents were the result of Human Factors.
What is risk?
A measure of exposure to possible harm.
What is a hazard?
An intermediate state where there is the potential for harm.
Who are the Duty Holders and what is their responsibility?
Senior Duty Holder (4*)
Operating Duty Holder (2*)
Delivery Duty Holder
Actively manage air safety in their AoR.
Have a duty of care for the personnel under their command, those temporarily involved in aviation activities in their AoR and the wider public who may be affected by their operations.
What are FRC’s and what is their purpose?
Best practice drills for normal flight and emergencies.
Emergencies procedures section provides aircrew with a quick reference in the event of emergency.
What is meant by ‘Land As Soon As Possible’ for FW aircraft?
Land at the nearest airfield suitable for a safe landing but be prepared to force-land immediately if it becomes necessary.
What is meant by ‘Land As Soon As Practicable’ for FW aircraft?
Land at the nearest airfield where you can land safely and expect practical assistance for your aircraft type.
What is meant by ‘Land As Soon As Possible’ for RW aircraft?
Do not continue to fly for any longer than is necessary to accomplish a safe landing at the nearest site.
What is meant by ‘Land As Soon As Practicable’ for RW aircraft?
Land at the nearest aviation location or at a suitable site selected for convenience.
What is meant by ‘Land Immediately’ for RW aircraft?
Land at once even if this means ditching or landing in the trees.
The consequences of continuing to fly are more than likely more harmful than landing at a site that is normally considered unsuitable.
What is the swiss cheese model?
Incidents are often the result of a series of events. Breaking one link in the chain of events may stop the incident.
Cheeses are layers of defence, but no defence is perfect and each has a hole.
Any layer of defence can prevent an incident, but when if the holes all line up, then the likelihood of an incident occurring will increase.
When these holes line up it can lead to an incident/accident.
Normally never just one factor, but multiple occurrences leading to an accident.
What is the SHELL model?
Way of looking at where threats and mistakes lie, specifically at the interfaces between the different elements.
There is rarely a single cause for an accident, but an interaction between the different elements.
What are the elements of the SHELL model?
Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware (teams)
Liveware (people)
What is Heinrich’s triangle?
States that there are many (often unreported) near misses in relation to the number of reportable incidents and accidents.
What is FOD?
Foreign Object Debris
Can lead to…
Foreign Object Damage
What is a Risk to Life Matrix?
Likelihood up the side axis
Severity along the top axis
Enables safety risks to be controlled at an acceptable level.
What is a DASOR?
Defence Air Safety Occurrence Report
What is the DAEMS?
Defence Aviation Error Management System
What is the MAA and it’s purpose?
Military Aviation Authority
A tri-service regulatory authority.
Responsible for all aspects of Air Safety across DEFENCE.
What is ASIMS?
Air Safety Information Management System
How is airmanship developed?
Experience over time
Feedback and reflection (debrief)
Learning from others (case studies, instructors, etc)
Understanding the theory behind airmanship
What is a risk assessment?
An assessment of the likelihood and severity related to an identified hazard
What is risk ownership?
A Risk Owner is the person who oversees an activity, they may have a number of people managing the risk on their behalf.
What is the process of Risk Management?
Hazard identification
Risk assessment
Hazard risk matrix
Risk reduction
Risk monitoring
Risk review
What is an accident?
An occurrence which results in either a person being killed or suffering major injury, and/or aircraft sustaining Category 4 or 5 damage.
What is an incident?
Category 1, 2 or 3 damage
A person receiving a reportable injury
Compromises Air Safety
What is a hazard observation?
An occurrence which did not actually result in an incident or accident, but potentially could have.
What are the 3 main occurrence report types?
Significant Occurrence Notification (SON)
DASOR
Error Management System (EMS) Report Form
What is DCORS?
Defence Confidential Occurrence Reporting System
Provides a confidential reporting route directly to the Head of the RAF Safety Centre
What are the FEEL checks?
The airmanship cycle, every 10-20 mins.
Fuel
Engine
Electrics
Location
Stay ahead of the aircraft.
What is perception?
Perception = Knowledge + Contextual Experience
Combination of knowledge and experience that defines how any situation is interpreted by the individual.
What are bold face drills?
Bold face actions are CRITICAL.
Must be performed immediately.
What is immediate action?
Actions that must be performed immediately
What are considerations?
Additional information that needs to be considered which may help in assessing the longer term implications of the emergency
What are cautions?
Statements which, if not observed, may result in damage to the aircraft or its equipment.
What are the emergency squawk codes?
7700 - Emergency
7600 - Comms failure
7500 - Unlawful interference
What are the emergency frequencies?
- 500 MHz
- 000 MHz
Note - BE SURE TO CHECK THE ANSWER IS IN MHz!
What are the 3 types of decision?
Rule-based decisions
Pattern-based decisions
Analytical decisions
What is RAPDAR?
A decision making loop.
Recognise Analyse Prioritise Decide Act Review
What is airmanship?
Military definition:
A level of knowledge and skills that is desired, and essential, to one who aspires to operate safely within such environments.
Civi definition:
The consistent use of good judgement and well-developed knowledge, skills and attitudes to accomplish flight objectives.
What are cognitive skills?
The process of developing knowledge through thought, experience and the senses
What does the term ‘cognitive skills’ relate to?
Perception
Memory
Judgement
Reasoning
What are the 3 types of actions/considerations found in FRCs?
Immediate actions
Subsequent actions
Considerations
What are subsequent actions?
Actions to be performed to consolidate the situation once the immediate danger has passed.
May be dependent on the results of immediate actions.
What are warnings?
Statements which, if not observed, may result in personal injury, loss of life or loss of the aircraft
What are the handling priorities in an emergency?
Aviate
Navigate
Communicate
Explain what is meant by ‘Aviate’ in an emergency?
Maintain aircraft control
Analyse the situation
Carry out the appropriate actions
What are the two types of SA?
Positional
Tactical
When do you use “Mayday, Mayday, Mayday”?
Distress call
When do you use “Pan Pan, Pan Pan, Pan Pan”?
Urgency call
What is positional SA?
All the information required for normal, safe positioning of the aircraft
What is tactical SA?
Events or factors affecting the current or future aircraft operation
What is included in Resource Management?
Aircraft Systems
Cockpit resources
Crew/formation resources
External resources
[CRM?]
What are the 3 factors of Mental Performance?
Situational Analysis
Priority Allocation
Mental Flexibility
What category of damage is considered to be an accident or incident respectively?
Accident - Cat 4 or 5
Incident - Cat 1, 2 or 3
What makes up/are the key cognitive skills (for CRM)?
SA
Planning and Decision Making
Communication
Teamwork
What does the RAF airmanship model comprise of?
SA
Decisiveness
Communication
Resource management
Mental performance
Spare mental capacity
What is affective communication?
Accurate, Clear, Concise
Assertive, NOT aggressive
Focus on WHAT is right, NOT WHO is right (rank gradient, etc)
Which process is least likely to occur as part of risk management?
Eliminating
What are the top risks to Air Safety?
Mid-Air Collision
Foreign Object Debris/Damage (FOD)
Runway Incursion
Self-Medication
