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Airmanship, Air Safety and Emergency Procedures > Met Systems Revision > Flashcards

Met Systems Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

How many air masses affect the UK and what are they?

A

6

Tropical maritime

Tropical Continental

Polar Maritime

Polar Continental

Arctic Maritime

Returning Polar Maritime

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2
Q

What weather would be expected at the coast/expose areas with a Tropical Maritime airmass affecting the UK?

A 
Temp - Near sea temp
Humidity - Very moist
Stability - Stable
Weather - Low cloud, drizzle, fog
Visibility - Often poor with coastal fog
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3
Q

What weather would be expected in sheltered areas/inland with a Tropical Maritime airmass affecting the UK?

A 
Temp - Warm
Humidity - Moist
Stability - Stable aloft
Weather - Broken cloud, dry
Visibility - Moderate
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4
Q

What weather would be expected in the Summer with a Tropical Continental airmass affecting the UK?

A

Temp - Very warm or hot
Humidity - Relatively dry
Stability - Stable, becoming unstable with time
Weather - Nil, possibly thundery showers in time
Visibility - Moderate or poor

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5
Q

What weather would be expected in the Winter with a Tropical Continental airmass affecting the UK?

A 
Temp - Average
Humidity - Rather moist
Stability - Stable
Weather - Usually cloudy
Visibility - Moderate or poor
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6
Q

What weather would be expected in the Summer with a Polar Continental (long sea track) airmass affecting the UK?

A

Temp - Cool windward coasts, warm inland
Humidity - Moist near windward coasts, dry inland
Stability - Stable
Weather - Low cloud, drizzle, mist near coasts. Nil inland.
Visibility - Poor near coasts. Moderate or good inland.

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7
Q

What weather would be expected in the Summer with a Polar Continental (short sea track) airmass affecting the UK?

A 
Temp - Warm
Humidity - Dry
Stability - Stable
Weather - Dry
Visibility - Moderate or good
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8
Q

What weather would be expected in the Winter with a Polar Continental (short sea track) airmass affecting the UK?

A 
Temp - Cold
Humidity - Moist in lower layers
Stability - Stable
Weather - Very dry
Visibility - Moderate or poor
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9
Q

What weather would be expected in the Winter with a Polar Continental (long sea track) airmass affecting the UK?

A 
Temp - Very cold
Humidity - Very dry
Stability - Unstable
Weather - Rain or snow showers
Visibility - Moderate or poor
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10
Q

What weather would be expected in the Winter with a Arctic Maritime airmass affecting the UK?

A

Temp - Cold (colder than Polar maritime)
Humidity - Moist (not as moist as polar maritime)
Stability - Unstable
Weather - Heavy showers, sometimes with snow, hail and thunder. Mainly in Northern Scotland and exposed coastal areas.
Visibility - Very good, poor in showers

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11
Q

What weather would be expected in the Summer with a Arctic Maritime airmass affecting the UK?

A 
Temp - Cool
Humidity - Fairly moist
Stability - Unstable
Weather - Heavy showers or thunderstorms
Visibility - Very good, poor in showers
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12
Q

What weather would be expected in the Summer with a Polar Maritime airmass affecting the UK?

A 
Temp - Cool
Humidity - Moist
Stability - Unstable
Weather - Scattered showers
Visibility - Good, poor in showers
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13
Q

What weather would be expected in the Winter with a Polar Maritime airmass affecting the UK?

A 
Temp - Rather cold
Humidity - Moist
Stability - Unstable
Weather - Heavy showers, sometimes with hail and thunder. Mainly in exposed western and hilly areas.
Visibility - Good, poor in showers
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14
Q

What weather would be expected in the UK with a Returning Polar Maritime airmass?

A

Temp - Cool (warmer than Polar maritime)
Humidity - Moist (moister than Polar maritime)
Stability - Stable at low levels, unstable aloft
Weather - Variable cloud, possibly showers
Visibility - Variable

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15
Q

What weather is associated with a depression (low pressure)?

A

.

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16
Q

What weather is associated with an anticyclone (high pressure)?

A

.

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17
Q

What weather is associated with a Thermal Low?

A

.

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18
Q

What weather is associated with a Polar Low?

A

.

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19
Q

What weather is associated with an Orographic Low (lee)?

A

.

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20
Q

What weather is associated with a Trough?

A

.

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21
Q

What weather is associated with a Ridge?

A

.

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22
Q

What weather is associated with a Col?

A

.

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of fog?

A

Radiation fog

Advection fog

Hill fog

Arctic sea smoke

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24
Q

If visibility is less than 1000m, and RH > 95%, it is said to be…?

A

Fog

25
Q

If visibility is more than 1000m, and RH > 95%, it is said to be…?

A

Mist

26
Q

If visibility is less than 1000m, and RH < 95%, it is said to be…?

A

Haze

27
Q

What causes advection fog to form + disperse?

A

Warm air moving over a cold surface.

Disperses due to:
Change in air mass
Winds increase
Temp of the surface rises above the dew point

28
Q

Explain arctic sea smoke.

A

See manual NOW!

29
Q

What conditions are required for a thunderstorm?

A

Unstable layer extending to high altitudes

High moisture content

Trigger action (EXCEPT TURBULENCE)

30
Q

What can bring/cause the weather conditions for a thunderstorm?

A

Thermal lows

Troughs

Active cold fronts

Occlusions

31
Q

What are the stages of a thunderstorm?

A

Building

Mature (anvil forms)

Dissipating

32
Q

What are the 4 types of thunderstorm?

A

Single Cell

Multicell

Multicell - Squall Line

Supercell

33
Q

What are the 3 groups of supercell?

A

Rear Flank (or Low precipitation (LP))

Classic (CL)

Front flank (or High precipitation (HP))

34
Q

What hazards are associated with thunderstorms?

A 
W - Weather (heavy precipitation)
H - Hail
I - Icing
S - Squall Line
T - Turbulence (Rapid pressure changes, Downbursts, Strong winds)
L - Lightning
E - Electricity (static)
35
Q

What are some indicators of thunderstorms?

A 
Cloud
Precipitation - Rain, hail or snow
Radar image
Radio crackle
Lightning
Static electricity
St Elmo's Fire
Visible discharge of static electricity
Weak luminous corona discharges from sharp metallic points on the aircraft
36
Q

What does METAR stand for?

A

Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine Weather Report

37
Q

When is a METAR issued?

A

Every 30 mins at 10 mins TO the hour and 20 mins PAST the hour

38
Q

When are special METARS issued?

A

When there are significant changes to the current weather

39
Q

By what speed must gusts exceed the MEAN WIND SPEED in order to be reported?

A

10kts

40
Q

What does 0000 vis and 9999 vis mean?

A 
0000 = Less than 50m
9999 = 10km or greater

NOTE - If a second vis is reported following the first, it is the minimum visibility and the direction will be given, e.g. 6000 3000SE

41
Q 
What do the following mean on a METAR:
FG
PL
RA
SH
SQ
TS
GR/GS
RASN
NSW
DZ 
RADZ
A 
FG = Fog
PL = Ice pellets
RA = Rain
SH = Showers
SQ = Squalls
TS = Thunderstorms
GR/GS = Hail
RASN = Sleet
NSW = No Significant Weather
DZ = Drizzle
RADZ = Light rain and drizzle
42
Q

What does the modifiers +, - or no modifier mean?

A

+ = Severe
No modifier = Moderate
- = Light

E.g. +SHRA = Heavy rain showers

43
Q

What do FEW, SCT, BKN, OVC, NSC, ///V and SKC mean?

A 
FEW = 1-2 oktas
SCT = 3-4 oktas
BKN = 5-7 oktas
OVC = 8 oktas
NSC = No Significant cloud
///V = Sky obscured
SKC = Skies clear
44
Q

What two types of cloud are specifically reported in a METAR?

A

TCU

CB

45
Q

What does RE mean in a METAR?

A

Recent

E.g. RETS = Recent thunderstorms

46
Q

What does TREND, TEMPO, BECMG and NOSIG mean?

A

TREND = Indicates significant changes in the weather in the two hours after the observation is made

TEMPO = Temporary changes in one or more elements of the forecast during the stated time period

BECMG = Indicates a gradual change in one or more elements of the forecast during the time period shown

NOSIG = No significant changes are forecast!!!

47
Q

What are the requirements for colour state GREEN?

A

Base of lowest cloud layer of 3/8 oktas min (SCT) = 700ft AGL

Surface visibility = 3.7km (2nm)

48
Q

What is a TAF?

A

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

49
Q

How often are TAFs issued?

A

Every 3 hours for military airfields and some civil airfields

Most civil airfields are every 6 hours

Valid for stated period

50
Q

What 3 cells are present on Earth?

A

Polar Cell (60-90 degrees latitude)

Ferrel Cell (30-60 degrees latitude)

Hadley Cell (0-30 degrees latitude)

51
Q

What are the directions of the trade winds in the North and South hemisphere?

A

N = North Easterly

S = South easterly

52
Q

What are the idealised major pressure systems?

A

Polar High (high pressure at each pole)

Subpolar low (occurs where the Polar and Ferrel cell meet)

Subtropical High (occurs where the Hadley and Ferrel cells meet)

Equatorial trough (aka ITCZ, between the Hadley cells)

53
Q

What are the 6 climates?

A 
Polar 
Temperate
Mediterranean
Arid/Desert
Tropical

Mountainous (occurs where the lad rises above permanent snowline.

54
Q

What is the zone of confluence between trade winds of the northern and southern hemispheres called + where and when does it move?

A

Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ICTZ)

Moves North in Northern summer

Moves South in Southern summer

Appears as bands of clouds, usually thunderstorms, near the equator.

55
Q

What is required for hurricane/tropical storm formation?

A

Source of warm, moist air from the tropics where sea surface temps > 26 degrees

Converging winds forcing the air to rise

Winds which do not vary greatly with height - low wind shear

Sufficient distance from the equator for the Coriolis force to provide sufficient spin/twist

56
Q

What can we use to classify wind speeds?

A

Beaufort wind scale

57
Q

Name 3 types of wind.

A

Land breeze (night - offshore)

Sea breeze (day - onshore)

Thermal wind (two layers of equal pressure but differing temperature meet. Wind direction is horizontal along the isotherms of mean temperature)

58
Q

How do standing waves (mountain waves) develop?

A

Airstream fluctuations behind hills/mountains

Creates strong vertical currents, continuing for miles

Require:
Wind blowing +/- 30 degrees to perpendicular to the ridge
15-30kts + wind speed at the crest
Layer of stability above the mountain, with an unstable layer below

59
Q

How can we ID mountain/standing waves?

A

Rotor clouds behind the peak

Lenticular clouds above and down wind of peak

Rotor turbulence

Airmanship, Air Safety and Emergency Procedures (8 decks)

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