Revision Quiz Flashcards by John Adediji-Johnson

A neurons resting membrane potential is

-70mV

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What sequence of ion movements describes depolarisation and repolarisation of the nerve action

NA move into the Cell and then K move out

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What statement best describes saltatory conduction in neurons?

It involves the propagation of action potentials at the Node of Ranvier

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What type of neuroglia is responsible for forming myelin sheath in CNS

Oligodendrocytes

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Which neuroglial cells are involved in the removal of cellular debris and pathogens n the CNS

Microglia

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What is the type of neuroglia that forms the myelin sheath on neurons outside the CNS and aids regeneration of damaged nerve fibres? (Periheral)

Schwann Cells

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Formation of cerebrospinal fluid occurs mainly in the?

Choroid Plexuses

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Which division of the autonomic NS is associated with “Flight or Flight” response

Sympathetic

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Neurotransmitter primarily release by post ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic ns

Acetylcholine

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What function is Parasympathetic NS

Conserves energy and promotes rest and digest

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What part of brain acts as motor cortex and controls fine skilled voluntary muscle movements

Frontal Lobe
Parietal-Sensort
Temporal-Audorty
Occiptal -Visual

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Which structure controls the endocrine system and integrates the activities of the nervous and endocrine system

Hypothalamus

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The primary connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland is through which pathway

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal portal system

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The Anterior Pituitary is under influence of

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibtory hormones

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Which hormone released from Posterior pituitary gland but synthesized by hypothalamus?

Oxytocin
ADH (Vasopressin)

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What is primary function of the muco-ciliary escalatory system in respiratory system

Clearing inhaled particles and microorganism from airways by action of

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What term for volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration

Residual Volume

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The central chemoreceptors in the brain stem increase breathing rate in response to which stimulus

An increase in CO2 and H concentration in the CSF (CO2 and pH)

Peripheral chemoreceptors -Hypoxia, Altitude, o2

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What form is majority of CO2 generated by cellular respiration, transported to the lungs

As bicarbonate ions through chloride shift, to maintain neutrality Hamburger Phenomina

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What are the cells that produce surfactant that helps reduce surface tension of water that lines the alveoli and prevents alveoli collapse

Type 2 Pneumocytes

Gobelt Cells produce Mucus
Type 1 Pneumocytes- alveoli cells exchange

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What is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange cross the respiratory membrane

Simple Diffusion
Large surface area to facilitate diffusion

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What are the main muscles involved in normal respiration

Intercostals and Diaphragm

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In asthma patient, which spirometry parameter is reduced

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
Obstruction

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What are hallmark feature of COPD in spirometry?

Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio
Increased Total Lung Capacity
Increased residual volume

(Asthma + COPD=Obstructive diseases)

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What is Bohr's effect in context of oxygen binding to haemoglobin in blood?

Lower pH/CO2 increase (acidic conditions) increases decreases Hb affinity for oxygen

If Sarah has SV of 70mL and HR of 72 bpm, what is CO in mL/min

5040

How are cardiac muscle cells mechanically attached to each other and act as functional syncytium(rapid transmission of electrical impulses transfer between cells to trigger simultaneous contraction of heart muscle)

Intercalated discs

In Normal ECG trace, what does QRS wave indicate?

Depolarisation of Ventricles p-wave=Depolarisation of Atria

What occurs during iso-volumetric phase of ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle

Ventricles start to contract, the Atrioventricular valves closed and semilunar valves are closes

In which organs would be found continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries?

Continuous-Brain, Fenestrated- Small Intestine Sinusoid- Liver

How do arteries differ from veins?

Arteries have more elastic tissue than veins

Which part of the vascular system contain the greatest volume of blood?

Systemic Veins

What is pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure when systolic is 120mmHg and diastolic is 80mmHg

40mmHg-Pulse Pressure 93mmHg- Mean Arterial Pressure

What is primary mechanism for short term blood pressure regulation

Baroreceptor Reflexes

Which mechanism contributes to intermediate-term Blood Pressure regulation by promoting water retention and vasoconstriction

Aldosterone and Angiotensin 2

Which factor plays crucial role in long term bp regulation by adjusting blood volume through pressure diuresis and natuisues

Kidneys

Atherosclerosis primarliy involves the

Narrowing and hardening of artereis

What is primary cause of Myocardial infarction

Atherosclerotic plaque rupture leading to thrombus formation

What blood pressure range characterizes hypotension and most common symptom?

90/60mmHg Dizziness/Light-headedness

What bp range characterizes hypertension?

Systolic BP above 140mmHg

Orthostatic hypotension occurs due to

Rapid Postural changes

In Phenylketonuria (PKU) which enzyme is defective due to genetic mutation?

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

In hemochromatosis, which mineral accumulates in abnormal amounts in the liver?

Iron

Wilson's Disease leads to excess accumulation of what mineral?

Copper

Which hormone helps glucose enter cells and therefore decreases blood glucose

Insulin

Under normal conditions, most water, electrolytes, and nutrients are reabsorbed in the:

proximal convoluted tubule.

If person exposed to high altitude, hyperventilates for sufficient period of time, what will develop?

Respiratory ALKALOSIS

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the kidney tubules?

It causes collecting duct to become permeable to water./Reduced Urine output

Which structures secretes renin when blood pressure in the afferent arteriole drops?

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Define Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and what is the normal GFR value in healthy adults approximately?

The rate at which the kidneys filter waste from the blood & 90-120 mL/min

In order to lose body fat, diet and exercise must be organized so that the energy value of the food intake is:

less than the energy used daily.

Renal failure that is reversible if diagnosed and treated early is known as?

Acute Renal Failure

A major cause of chronic renal failure is

Uncontrolled high blood pressure and diabetes

Chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity is associated with increased levels of:

TNF-α and IL-6 (Inflammatory Cytokines)

Appetite is regulated by various peptides and hormones. What is the role of ‘Ghrelin’ in regulating food intake?

It increases appetite and food intake

Appetite is regulated by various peptides and hormones. In a patient with significant loss of fat stores, which of the following biochemical changes would be expected in the long term?

Decreased levels of leptin Leptin is a hormone your body releases that helps it maintain your normal weight on a long-term basi

A 40-year-old man with AIDS and chronic adrenocortical insufficiency presents to the emergency department with acute-onset nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. He is febrile and hypotensive. He was started recently on a new drug for a fungal infection. Which one of the following is the probable diagnosis, based on his clinical profile?

Addison’s disease

A 45-year-old woman presents to her doctor with feelings of fatigue, increased appetite, increased sweating, and palpitations. Her doctor also notes that her eyes appear unusual (Exophthalmos). Which one of the following is the probable diagnosis, based on his clinical profile?

Grave's Disease

A 65-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus presents to his physician for regular follow up. On neurological examination, the patient demonstrates the most common initial sensory impairment. What this sign is called as?

The concern in Diabetes mellitus is;

Hyperglycaemia with insulin resistance

A 43-year-old overweight woman presents to her doctor’s clinic because of RUQ abdominal pain. She has experienced similar episodes of this type of pain in the past and admits that it is worse after meals. Increased secretion of which of the following is responsible for this patient’s postprandial pain?

Cholecystokinin Released by Liver (RUQ)

35-year-old man with a history of drinking one-two bottles of vodka per day for the past 15 years presents to the emergency department because of massive hematemesis and severe epigastric pain. He takes antacids to manage mild acid reflux but has no other known medical problems or medications. Physical examination: - Temp 36.7°C (98.1°F), HR 110/min, RR 23/min, and BP is 80/40mmHg. Regular rate and rhythm with no murmurs, clear lungs to auscultation. No jaundice There is no abdominal tenderness or distension, no hepatosplenomegaly, and bowel sounds are present. His stool is negative for blood. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Oesophageal Laceration (Varices only when liver involved, No Jaundice)

Which part of the nephron is affected by aldosterone?

Distal convoluted tubule

Addison’s disease is a rare disease where the adrenal cortex is destroyed. What type of shock occurs in Addison’s disease?

Hypovolaemic Shock

The apex beat is the palpable heart beat and can be influenced by different cardiovascular diseases. What is normal anatomical position of the apex beat?

left 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

Heart sounds can be useful in detecting certain cardiovascular pathology. Which of the following heart sounds is produced by closure of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) heart valves?

Heart Sound 1

In childbirth, what type of homeostatic mechanism occurs when stretching of cervix triggers brain to release oxytocin, leading to increased uterine contractions?

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