Blood Vessels/Pressure

Question 1

Types of Vessels

Answer 1

Arteries -> Arterioles
Arterioles -> Capillaries
Capillaries -> Venules
Venules -> Veins

Question 2

Layers of Vessels

Answer 2

Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa

Question 3

Which vessels have valves?

Answer 3

Veins-to prevent backflow

Question 4

Tunica Intima

Answer 4

• Endothelial Cells
• Nitric Oxide causes contraction
  Connected by Basement Membrane to connective tissue

Question 5

What is Tunica Media made of?

Answer 5

Smooth Muscle
Gap Junctions
Elastin fibres
Thickest Layer

Question 6

What is Tunica Externa made of?

Answer 6

Collagen and Elastin
Capillaries (vasa vasorum= vessels of vessel)

Question 7

Functions of Arteries

Answer 7

Take blood away from heart
Distribution
Elastic tissue

Question 8

Arterial compliance is ?

Answer 8

Ability of arterial wall to distend and increase volume with increased pressure

Question 9

Windkessel’s effect of arteries?

Answer 9

Large arteries store a portion of the stroke volume with each systole and discharge that volume with diastole.

• Arteries contain more blood in systole than diastole.
• Decreases with age

Question 10

What is Myogenic Theory in Arterioles

Answer 10

-Reflex response to changes in blood pressure.

-Contraction due to increased tension

-Relaxation due to decreased tension

Question 11

What is Metabolic theory?

Answer 11

If decrease in arteriole perfusion, there is decreased stretching of the smooth muscle results in relaxation of the smooth muscles and dilation of the arteriole.

Question 12

What is Atherosclerosis?

Answer 12

• Inflammatory response
  -Thickening of the Tunica Intima causing narrowing of lumen

-Infection, Trauma, Hypertension

Question 13

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 13

• Bulge in blood vessel wall caused by weakness.
• Blood pressure causes area of weakness to expand like balloon.

Question 14

Difference of Veins to Arteries

Answer 14

-Thin Walled -Larger lumen
-Contain valves to prevent backflow
-2/3 of blood supply

Question 15

What is Preload?

Answer 15

-Initial stretching of the myocytes prior to contraction.

-Ventricular filling

-Preparation to eject

Question 16

What is Afterload

Answer 16

Force/Load against which the heart has to contract to eject the blood.

Question 17

What is Central Venous Pressure?

Answer 17

• Pressure within Right Atrium by IVC and SVC
• Reflects amount of blood returning to heart and ability of the heart to pump the blood back to arterial system

Question 18

What can cause decrease in Central Venous Pressure? (CVP)

Answer 18

Reduce blood volume via loss of fluid or haemorrhage

Question 19

What can cause increase in Central Venous Pressure? (CVP)

Answer 19

Increased fluid retention by kidneys

Question 20

What are Varicose Veins

Answer 20

-Swollen enlarged veins caused by incompetent vein valves.

-Lumpy, Bulging

-Aching and uncomfortable

Question 21

What is DVT?

Answer 21

Thrombus formation within deep veins

Embolus is small piece of thrombus that breaks off and travels in blood

-Leg pain and swelling

Question 22

Difference in O2 transportations

Answer 22

Systemic Arteries— High o2
Pulm. Arteries—- Low o2

Systemic Veins– low o2
Pulm. Veins–High o2

Question 23

What is the Capillary Bed?

Answer 23

Network of capillaries that join arterial to venous systems

Controlled by precapillary sphincters

Question 24

What is Oedema?

Answer 24

Build up fluid within the Interstitial space
Leg Swelling

Cause-
Inadequate lymph drainage
Decreased Absorption Increased Filtration

Question 25

What is Blood Pressure?

Answer 25

Lateral pressure exerted on walls of vessels

Question 26

What is Cardiac Output?

Answer 26

Effectiveness of the hear to pump out blood
Stroke Volume & Heart Rate

Question 27

Stages of Hypertension?

Answer 27

Prehypertension- 120-139/80-90
Stage 1- 140-159/90-99
Stage 2 - >160/100