Bone Disorders and Skin Functions

Question 1

What type of Torsion causes Inward facing toes? (Bow Leg)

Answer 1

Tibial Torsion: Inward-facing toes
Femoral torsion= twsited femoral head

Question 2

What is Osteochondrosis?

What is Osteochondrosis?

Answer 2

group of disorders that hinders bone growth in children/adolescents.

Question 3

Types of Osteochondrosis

What causes Osteochondrosis?

Answer 3

Impaired blood flow to joints causing necrosis

Osteonecrotic Osteochondrosis- Necrosis of Epiphyseal centre/apophyseal

Question 4

What is Legg-Calve Perthes Disease?

Answer 4

Disruption of blood flow to femur head
* osteonecrosis
* bone stops growing = weak bone

Question 5

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta?

Answer 5

Brittle Bone disease
* Multiple fractures
* Connective tissue issue
* Lack Type 1 collagen (strengthens bones)

Question 6

What is Rickets

What is Adult counterpart?

Answer 6

Lack of vitamin D/Calcium
* Bone pain
* Weak soft bones
* Deformed bones

Osteomalacia/Soft Bones

Question 7

What is Osteomalacia?

What is child counterpart?

Answer 7

Soft bones due to poor mineralisation
Defect in Vit D metabolism

Rickets

Question 7

Difference between

Osteomalacia vs Osteoporosis

Answer 7

Osteomalacia- Softening of bones
Osteoporosis- Weakening of bones over time

Question 8

Causes of Osteomalacia

Answer 8

• Poor Vit D & Calcium intake
• Reduced absorption in gut
• Hyperparathyroidism- High PTH-PO4 excretion
  
  • PTH moves Calcium from bones to blood

Question 9

Effect of Calcitonin and Calctriol on Calcium

Answer 9

Calcitonin moves calcium from blood to bone
Calcitriol moves calcium from bone to blood

Question 10

Rickets vs Osteomalcia

Answer 10

Osteomalacia
* Dull achy pain
* Pelvis, Lower back, hips, ribs
* Fractures
Rickets
* Tenderness in arms, legs, pelvis, spine
* Stunted growth
* Skeletal deformities, Bow leg, Odd shape skull

Question 11

Tests to Diagnosis Osteomalacia & Rickets

Answer 11

Blood Tests- Serum Calcium, Phosphorus
Liver enzymes, Vitamin D
X-Ray
Bone Density- DEXA

Question 12

Gout is………

WHAT ARE CAUSES??

Answer 12

Type of arthritis that causes joint inflammation
First seen in 1st Metatarsophalangeal joint
Symptoms-pain, tenderness, inflammation
More common in Middle aged Men Post menopause women

Uric Acid accumulation

Question 13

Signs and Symptoms of Gout

Answer 13

• Sudden onset joint pain
• Worsens over hours
• Inflammation
• TOPHI-white nodules (Urate collections)

Question 14

How is Gout Treated??

Answer 14

Anti-Inflammation- NSAIDS & Indomethacin
Painkillers- Oxycodone, Hydrocodone/Codeine
Cortisone Injections

Question 15

What is Pagets Disease?

Answer 15

Bone grows larger but weaker than normal
Mishapen and prone to fracture
Bone Resorption > Bone formation
Osteoblasts very active, Osteoclasts active
More common in Caucasians & Female
Pelvis, Femur, Tibia, Clavicle, Humerus

Question 16

What are the Stages of Paget’s Disease

1: Hyper vascular/osteolytic phase
2: Intermediate phase
3: Quiescent phase

Answer 16

1. Bone resorption by osteoclasts; blood flow to the affected areas increases
2. Increased osteoclast and osteoblast activity; change bone structure and evident bone deformities
3. Bone turnover almost absent; due to cellular fatigue; abnormal bone structure persists

Question 17

Symptoms of Paget’s Disease

Answer 17

Bone pain but otherwise symptomless
Increased fracture risk
Pelvic pain.
Overgrowth of skull can cause hearing loss or headaches.
Nerve roots can become compressed, tingling & numbness in arm/leg.
Bow leg
Extra stress on nearby joints, which may cause wear-and-tear arthritis in the knee or hip.

Question 18

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 18

Chronic inflammtion of joints caused by Immune System attacking healthy joints
70% of suffers have Rheumatoid Factor
Systemic inflammation
Women > Men

Question 19

What are the Stages to Rheumatoid Arthritis