Respiratory

Question 1

What is Respiration?

Answer 1

Exchange of gases by atmosphere, cells & blood

Question 2

What is Alveolar dead space?

Answer 2

Area in alveoli that are perfused but not ventilated influenced in disease

Question 3

Functions of Conducting Zone (nose/mouth/pharynx)

Answer 3

Transports air to the lungs
Warms, humidifies, filters air
Mucus traps small particles, and cilia move it
Voice production in larynx as air passes over the vocal folds

Question 4

What nerve innervates the Diaphragm?
Most important inspiratory muscle

Answer 4

Phrenic Nerve-originates from C3,C4, C5

Question 5

What happens during Inhalation?

Answer 5

Diaphragm & External intercostals contract
Chest cavity & Lungs expands
Drop in alveolar pressure below atmospheric
air flows into lungs as pressure gradient response

Question 6

What happens during Exhalation?

Answer 6

Diaphragm relaxes
Chest & Lungs recoil, cavity contracts
Increased alveolar pressure above atmospheric
Lung volume decreases

Question 7

What is carried Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 7

Deoxygenated blood from Right ventricle to alveoli

Question 8

What happens during External Respiration
Diffusion of oxygen …….

Answer 8

oxygen diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries, carbon dioxide in opposite direction

Question 9

What happen during Internal Respiration
Oxygen diffused from…..

Answer 9

oxygen diffuses from systemic capillaries into tissues, carbon dioxide in opposite direction

Question 10

Alveoli Surface Lined by____________ cells

Answer 10

TYPE 1 -Thin cytoplasm, optimal for gas diffusion
TYPE 2 - Produce Surfactant, decreases surface tension

Question 11

Perfusion

Answer 11

Blood flow reaching alveoli

Question 12

Ventilation

Answer 12

Amount of gas/oxygen reaching alveoli

Question 13

Boyle’s Law

Answer 13

High Volume Low Pressure
Low Volume = High Pressure

Question 14

Diaphragm innervation:

Answer 14

Phrenic Nerve-C3,C4,C5

Question 15

During Inhalation

Answer 15

Diaphragm contracts
External intercostals contract
Chest cavity expands
Alveolar pressure decreases

Question 16

During Exhalation

Answer 16

Diaphragm relaxes
External intercostals relax
Chest/Lungs reduce
Chest cavity contracts
Alveolar pressure increases

Question 17

Lung Compliance

Answer 17

Ease of lung expansion
Reduced in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Low compliance=stiffness

Question 18

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 18

Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to alveoli

Question 19

Bronchial Circulation

Answer 19

From aorta to lung parenchyma

Question 20

Normal V-Q ratio

Answer 20

0.8 for whole lung
>0.8 in Apex-High Ventilation
<0.8 in Base-High Perfusion

Question 21

Conditions with low VQ (increased perfusion)

Answer 21

Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma
Pulmonary Oedema/Fibrosis

Question 22

Conditions with high VQ (decreased perfusion)

Answer 22

• Pulmonary Embolism, clot obstructs
• COPD, damaged alveoli

Question 23

Control of Breathing

Answer 23

Automatic- Brainstem (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata)
Voluntary override- Cortex

Question 24

PATTERNS OF BREATHING
-Eupnea -Tachypnea
-Apnea -Dyspnea

Answer 24

-Normal -Rapid
-No breathing -Laboured

Question 25

Hypercapnia

Answer 25

Increased CO2 Stimulates central & carotid chemoreceptors

Question 26

Hypoxia

Answer 26

Decreased arterial O2 Tissue oxygen deficient High altitude, airway obstruction Stimulates carotid chemoreceptors

Question 27

Central Receptors

Answer 27

Ventral Surface of Medulla Sensitive to: CO2 Change of CSF pH

Question 28

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Answer 28

In Carotid and Aorta Sensitive to: Increased CO2 Decreased O2

Question 29

Lung Receptors

Answer 29

-Pulmonary stretch receptors -Response to lung distension -Impulses in vagus nerve -Slow respiratory frequency. HERING-BREUER inflation reflex - Inspiration Negative feedback - Inflation inhibits - Deflation initiates

Question 30

1) Forced Vital Capacity 2) Forced Expiratory volume 3) Peak Expiratory Flow 4) Total Lung Capacity

Answer 30

1) Volume of maximal inhalation exhaled 2) Volume exhaled in 1 breath 3) Rate of Exhalation 4) Volume of air in lungs after maximum inhalation

Question 31

1)Total Lung Capacity 2)Residual Volume 3) Functional Residual Capacity

Answer 31

1) Maximum volume lungs hold 2) Volume left in lungs after maximum exhalation 3) Volume left in lungs after normal exhalation

Question 32

Obstructive Disorders

Answer 32

Narrow airways Difficulty on exhalation Increased RV, TLC, FRC Decreased FVC Eg. COPD, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis

Question 33

Restrictive Disorders

Answer 33

Restricts expansion of lungs Difficulty on inhalation Stiff lungs, Weakness/nerves damage Decreased VC, TLC, RV, FRC Eg. Sarcoidosis, Interstitial Lung Disease

Question 34

Pulmonary Disorders

Answer 34

Cor Pulmonale Hypertension Embolism

Question 35

What are TYPE 1Pneumocytes? What are TYPE 2 Pneumocytes?

Answer 35

TYPE 1 -Thin cytoplasm, optimal for gas diffusion TYPE 2 - Produce Surfactant, decreases surface tension