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Physiology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is Respiration?

A

Exchange of gases by atmosphere, cells & blood

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2
Q

What is Alveolar dead space?

A

Area in alveoli that are perfused but not ventilated influenced in disease

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3
Q

Functions of Conducting Zone (nose/mouth/pharynx)

A

Transports air to the lungs
Warms, humidifies, filters air
Mucus traps small particles, and cilia move it
Voice production in larynx as air passes over the vocal folds

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4
Q

What nerve innervates the Diaphragm?
Most important inspiratory muscle

A

Phrenic Nerve-originates from C3,C4, C5

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5
Q

What happens during Inhalation?

A

Diaphragm & External intercostals contract
Chest cavity & Lungs expands
Drop in alveolar pressure below atmospheric
air flows into lungs as pressure gradient response

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6
Q

What happens during Exhalation?

A

Diaphragm relaxes
Chest & Lungs recoil, cavity contracts
Increased alveolar pressure above atmospheric
Lung volume decreases

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7
Q

What is carried Pulmonary Circulation

A

Deoxygenated blood from Right ventricle to alveoli

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8
Q

What happens during External Respiration
Diffusion of oxygen …….

A

oxygen diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries, carbon dioxide in opposite direction

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9
Q

What happen during Internal Respiration
Oxygen diffused from…..

A

oxygen diffuses from systemic capillaries into tissues, carbon dioxide in opposite direction

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10
Q

Alveoli Surface Lined by____________ cells

A

TYPE 1 -Thin cytoplasm, optimal for gas diffusion
TYPE 2 - Produce Surfactant, decreases surface tension

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11
Q

Perfusion

A

Blood flow reaching alveoli

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12
Q

Ventilation

A

Amount of gas/oxygen reaching alveoli

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13
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

High Volume Low Pressure
Low Volume = High Pressure

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14
Q

Diaphragm innervation:

A

Phrenic Nerve-C3,C4,C5

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15
Q

During Inhalation

A

Diaphragm contracts
External intercostals contract
Chest cavity expands
Alveolar pressure decreases

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16
Q

During Exhalation

A

Diaphragm relaxes
External intercostals relax
Chest/Lungs reduce
Chest cavity contracts
Alveolar pressure increases

17
Q

Lung Compliance

A

Ease of lung expansion
Reduced in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Low compliance=stiffness

18
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to alveoli

19
Q

Bronchial Circulation

A

From aorta to lung parenchyma

20
Q

Normal V-Q ratio

A

0.8 for whole lung
>0.8 in Apex-High Ventilation
<0.8 in Base-High Perfusion

21
Q

Conditions with low VQ (increased perfusion)

A

Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma
Pulmonary Oedema/Fibrosis

22
Q

Conditions with high VQ (decreased perfusion)

A
  • Pulmonary Embolism, clot obstructs
  • COPD, damaged alveoli
23
Q

Control of Breathing

A

Automatic- Brainstem (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata)
Voluntary override- Cortex

24
Q

PATTERNS OF BREATHING
-Eupnea -Tachypnea
-Apnea -Dyspnea

A

-Normal -Rapid
-No breathing -Laboured

25
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Increased CO2
Stimulates central & carotid chemoreceptors

26
Q

Hypoxia

A

Decreased arterial O2
Tissue oxygen deficient
High altitude, airway obstruction
Stimulates carotid chemoreceptors

27
Q

Central Receptors

A

Ventral Surface of Medulla
Sensitive to:
CO2
Change of CSF pH

28
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

A

In Carotid and Aorta
Sensitive to:
Increased CO2
Decreased O2

29
Q

Lung Receptors

A

-Pulmonary stretch receptors
-Response to lung distension
-Impulses in vagus nerve
-Slow respiratory frequency.
HERING-BREUER inflation reflex
- Inspiration Negative feedback
- Inflation inhibits
- Deflation initiates

30
Q

1) Forced Vital Capacity
2) Forced Expiratory volume
3) Peak Expiratory Flow
4) Total Lung Capacity

A

1) Volume of maximal inhalation exhaled
2) Volume exhaled in 1 breath
3) Rate of Exhalation
4) Volume of air in lungs after maximum inhalation

31
Q

1)Total Lung Capacity
2)Residual Volume
3) Functional Residual Capacity

A

1) Maximum volume lungs hold
2) Volume left in lungs after maximum exhalation
3) Volume left in lungs after normal exhalation

32
Q

Obstructive Disorders

A

Narrow airways
Difficulty on exhalation
Increased RV, TLC, FRC
Decreased FVC
Eg. COPD, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis

33
Q

Restrictive Disorders

A

Restricts expansion of lungs
Difficulty on inhalation
Stiff lungs,
Weakness/nerves damage
Decreased VC, TLC, RV, FRC
Eg. Sarcoidosis, Interstitial Lung Disease

34
Q

Pulmonary Disorders

A

Cor Pulmonale
Hypertension
Embolism

35
Q

What are TYPE 1Pneumocytes?
What are TYPE 2 Pneumocytes?

A

TYPE 1 -Thin cytoplasm, optimal for gas diffusion
TYPE 2 - Produce Surfactant, decreases surface tension

Physiology (10 decks)

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