- Lowers blood glucose - Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and glucose cells - Inhibits gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis (paracrine effect)

Endocrine Disorders Flashcards by John Adediji-Johnson

Exocrine vs Endocrine

Exocrine glands secrete into ductal system to an epithelial surface
Endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream

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Pancreas

Behind stomach
Endocrine and Exocrine functions
Acinar cells used in digestion
Produces insulin

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Where is Glucagon produced?
Function?

In Alpha Cells
Essential for blood glucose control

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Where is Insulin produced?
Function?

In Beta Cells
Antagonistic to Glucagon
Pulls glucose into cells from blood
Inhibits gluconeogenesis

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Where is Somatostatin produced?
Function?

In Delta Cells
Inhibits Glucagon and Insulin

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Pancreatic Polypeptide

Produced in PP cells

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Effects of Insulin

Lowers blood glucose
Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and glucose cells
Inhibits gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis (paracrine effect)

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Effects of Glucagon

Major target is Liver
- Promotes Glycogenolysis= breakdown of glycogen to glucose
- Promotes Gluconeogenesis= glucose synthesis from lactic acid + noncarbohydrates
- Releases glucose into blood

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When blood glucose levels increase……

Insulin secreted by Islets of Langerhans

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Islet of Langerhans

Contains
Alpha Cell- Glucagon
Beta Cell- Insulin
Delta Cell- Somatostatin

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Hyperglycaemia

Increased blood glucose
Insulin secreted to

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Hypoglycaemia

Recued blood glucose
Glucagon secreted to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (Increased BM)

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Hormones produced

Function of Hypothalamus

Secretion of hormones to control Anterior Pituitary

Oxytocin

Production of AntiDiuretic Hormone & Oxytocin

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Function of Anterior Pituitary

Production of hormones that control endocrine glands
TSH, FSH, ACTH
GH,

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Function of Posterior Pituitary

Release ADH & Oxytocin

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What artery are hormones from the Hypothalamus released into?

What connects hypothalmus to Pituitary Gland?

Hypophyseal Artery

Infundibulum

-Trophs

Types of hormones released by Anterior Pituitary

Somatotrophs-GH
Thyrotrophs- TSH in response to TRH
Corticotrophs- ACTH
Gonadotrophs- LH & FSH
Lactotrophs-Proloactin

Effect of Hyper-Secretion of
Somatotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Corticotrophs
Gonadotrophs
Lactotrophs

Somatotrophs- Acromegaly
Thyrotrophs- Hyperthyroidism
Corticotrophs- Cushings
Gonadotrophs-
Lactotrophs- Infertility/Amenorrhea

Effect of Hypo-Secretion of
Somatotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Corticotrophs
Gonadotrophs
Lactotrophs

Somatotrophs- Dwarfism
Thyrotrophs- Hypothyroidism
Corticotrophs- Adrenal Insuffiency
Gonadotrophs- Infertility/Reduced libido
Lactotrophs- Abscence of postpartum milk

Order of Hormone release for Thyroid

Hypothalamus- TRH
Anterior Pituitary- TSH
Thyroid- T3+ T4

Vertebral level

Hormones released by Thyroid/Parathyroid

C5-T1
T3+ T4
Calcitonin

What are the mechanisms of Endocrine autoimmunity?

Direct Antibody- Direct action on gland
T Cell mediated- Autoreactive Macrophages/Cytokine release
Immune Complex- Antigens/Antibodies
Genetic- eg.Insulin Diabetes

Eg. 1)Graves 2)Hashimotos 3)Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Functions of Thyroid Hormone

Increase metabolic rate
Increases syntehsis of NA/K pump
Stimulates protein synthesis
Stimulates Erythropoietin

TSH, T4 T4 levels in:
* Hyperthyroidism
* Hypothyroidism

Primary + Secondary Hypothyroidism

Hyper- Low TSH + High T3/T4
Primary Hypo- High TSH + Low T3/T4
Secondary Hypo- Low TSH + Low T3/T4

Signs/Symptoms of HyperThyroidism

* Palpatations/Tachycardia * Tremor/Increased Appetite * Goiter/Heat Intolerance * Polyuria/Loss of Libido * Fatigue/Weakness * Diarrhoea/ Weight Loss

**Graves Disease** TSH levels? Appearance

Autoimmune- IgG antibodies bind to TSH receptors, increased T3/T4 release T3/T4 **Negative feedback** on TSH Low TSH+High T3/T4 Enlarged Gland-Goitre?

Signs Specific to Graves Disease

Proteins in eyes affected by same antibodies **Exophthalmos**- Bulging eyes retracted eyelids caused y inflammation **Thyroid Acropachy**- Swelling of soft tissue and finger clubbing (*Rare*)

Treatment of Grave's

*Drugs-* Methimazole/ Propylthiouracil *Radioactive Iodine*- Absorbed by Thyroid destroys cells *Surgery*- Removal of parts of Thyroid

Causes of Hypothyroidism

* **Autoimmune**- Hashimoto's antibodies destroy gland= reduced secretion * **Iodine Deficiency**- Diet * **Pituitary Disorder**-Benign tumour? Reduced TSH release

Signs/Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Reduced Metabolism- Feeling cold Cardiac Dilation/Increased afterload Scaly/Dry skin Depression/Low mood Slow reflexes/Constipation Loss of outer eyebrow hair